The subject of the paper is the application of polyol compounds as active shale formation hydration inhibitors in drilling muds as the result of permanent interest from the industry in the use of this type drilling mud systems. Due to opportunity of precise compounds selection ensuring optimum properties of the drilling mud under specific down hole conditions, new agents have been developed that work effectively in a wider temperature range experienced in borehole conditions. The paper describes laboratory research carried over polyols that haven't been used in drilling fluids technology yet but may ensure optimal inhibition properties in the wide temperature range. Compounds belongs to polyglycols category like ethylene oxide or copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with different molecular weight, are widely use so far. However, in the presented discussion other agents were used, which are products of ethoxylation and propoxylation of long-chain hydrocarbon fatty alcohols (10 and more carbon atoms). The main test that can prove drilling mud inhibitory properties is active shale dispersion investigation, routinely carried in ambient conditions. As part of the additional tests carried out, the influence of the inhibitors used on the active shale dispersion under elevated temperature conditions was determined in order to confirm the inhibitory properties of these agents in near-down hole conditions. Near down hole conditions test was also carried out on drilling muds containing polyols group compounds, ie resistance test to contamination with ions of divalent metals (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+), solid phase contamination (milled Miocene shale pretending drill cuttings) and increased temperature. Investigations were also carried out on clouding of polyol solutions in 7% KCl solution. The acquired results indicate that chemical compound presence of the hydrophobic chain derived from fatty alcohol in the molecule further increases the effectiveness of the rock hydration inhibitor. The results obtained during the study allowed for a better understanding of the inhibition mechanism of these agents on the active shale. The new rock hydration inhibitor developed as part of the work can be used in industrial conditions.