Review of Chromatographic Bioanalytical Assays for the Quantitative Determination of Marine-Derived Drugs for Cancer Treatment

Abstract

The discovery of marine-derived compounds for the treatment of cancer has seen a vast increase over the last few decades. Bioanalytical assays are pivotal for the quantification of drug levels in various matrices to construct pharmacokinetic profiles and to link drug concentrations to clinical outcomes. This review outlines the different analytical methods that have been described for marine-derived drugs in cancer treatment hitherto. It focuses on the major parts of the bioanalytical technology, including sample type, sample pre-treatment, separation, detection, and quantification.

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

“…The unchanged drug is excreted with urine (average recovery was ~15% over 48 h) [ 157 ]. Similar pharmacokinetic data were later reported by Van Andel et al [ 158 ] who performed experiments with radiolabeled 14 C aplidine on six patients. Clinical data confirmed previous results observed in animals that aplidine is accumulated in red blood cells.…”

A Systematic Review of Recently Reported Marine Derived Natural Product Kinase Inhibitors

“…Midostaurin is among the important drugs for aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) treatment as a multi-target protein kinase inhibitor, and it was FDA-approved in 2017 [124,127,128,129]. Protein kinase inhibitors from the marine origin that have entered clinical trials include three kinase inhibitors (lestaurtinib [130], enzastaurin [131], CEP-1347 [14,124,127]) in phase III, three kinase inhibitors (kahalalide F [132,133], 7-hydroxystaurosporine [134,135], staurosporine [136]) in phase II and two kinase inhibitors (CEP-2563 [14,124,127], isokahalalide F [14,124,127]) in phase I clinical studies. Somewhat related, bryostatin 1 entered phase II clinical trials for testing in the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease as a PKC activator, after it was also experimentally used in phase I trials for various forms of cancer [137,138,139].…”

Enzyme Inhibitor from Marine Organisms

“…Midostaurin is among the important drugs for aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) treatment as a multi-target protein kinase inhibitor, and it was FDA-approved in 2017 [124,[127][128][129]. Protein kinase inhibitors from the marine origin that have entered clinical trials include three kinase inhibitors (lestaurtinib [130], enzastaurin [131], CEP-1347 [14,124,127]) in phase III, three kinase inhibitors (kahalalide F [132,133], 7-hydroxystaurosporine [134,135], staurosporine [136]) in phase II and two kinase inhibitors (CEP-2563 [14,124,127], isokahalalide F [14,124,127]) in phase I clinical studies. Somewhat related, bryostatin 1 entered phase II clinical trials for testing in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease as a PKC activator, after it was also experimentally used in phase I trials for various forms of cancer [137][138][139].…”