Review of Climatology, 1951–1955

Landsberg, H. E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-940033-19-8_1

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Since then, macroclimate calculations of daily cumulative temperature (Nuttonson's Index, Tn;Lindsey and Newman, 1953), warmth index (Kira, 1945) and year day index Yim, 1986) have also been suggested. Climatic changes in urban areas have been studied extensively (Landsberg, 1957;Chandler, 1976;Oke, 1979;Cho et al, 1988;Lee, 1997). *Corresponding author; fax +82-2-796-2857 e-mail bmeemin@hanmail.net Because of structural heating systems and automobile waste heat, the wintertime air temperature in an urban center can be higher than in the urban periphery, even though the macroclimate is the same.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of phenological characteristics for several woody plants in urban climates

Min

2000

J. Plant Biol.

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Phenologicai properties of woody species were compared between two urban climates during 1997 and 1998. The study areas were Chungdam Park, Chungdam-dong, Kangnam.gu, Seoul (the urban center, 43 species) and Namhansansung Area, Sansung-ri, Joongbu-myon, Kwan~u Gun, Kyonggl Province (the urban periphery, 16 species). Distance between these sites was 13.5 km. The differences of budding, foliation, and flowering times (1997 versus 1998) were 10.9, 3.2, and 7.4 days, respectively. Species that budded and flowered earlier were strongly influenced by Nuttonson's Index (Tn) of February and March, but those with later dates were only weakly influenced. Unlike for budding and flowering times, foliation time was determined by air temperature or other factors in the leaf-growing season rather than by Tn. The Tn influence over phenology was stronger in shrubs and lianas than in trees. Phenophases in Chungdam Park appeared earlier than those in the Namhansansung area. The phenological differences between the two areas were 7.3 days in budding time, 8.3 days in foliation time, and 10.2 days in flowering time in mean values, with variations among species. Based on flowering-time data, the phenological variation between the two areas was equivalent to a 2.5 ~ latitude difference. Budding time varied the most (20 days) in Zelkova serrata, compared with only 3 days for Prunus padus. Differences in foliation time ranged from 15 days (in Alnus hirsuta and Styrax obassia) to 0 days (P. padus). Flowering time differences were largest (24 days) in Rhododendron mucronulatum and smallest (2 days) in P. padus. One can conclude that heat pollution in the urban center in Seoul severely changed phenology, and that sensitivity to that pollution differed among plant species.

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of phenological characteristics for several woody plants in urban climates

Min

2000

J. Plant Biol.

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“…At the beginning of the modern period, energy (heat and moisture) balance climatology emerged as a fruitful research direction. Thornthwaite (1947, 1948) introduced his water budget analysis methods to geographers, and Lettau formulated his climatonomy (Landsberg 1953). Sellers (1965) summarized this early work, stressing the multiple space and time scales of the approach and the wide range of applications.…”

Section: Modern Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the early 1950s, urban climatology emphasized observational studies (Landsberg 1953) that showed the impact of the urban structure on a wide range of climate parameters such as temperature, precipitation, and radiation. Observational studies predominated until the 1970s, for example London by Chandler (1965) and the METROMEX field project in the St Louis metropolitan area led by a geographer, Stan Changnon (e.g., Changnon, Floyd, and Semonin 1971).…”

Section: Modern Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past fifty years, increasingly complex statistical methods have become common in geographical climatology. Early in the 1950s, Arnold Court was one of the first geographical climatologists to experiment with the emerging extreme value theory and methods developed by Gumbel (Landsberg 1953). Later, in an Annals paper, Dury (1972) applied the Gumbel distribution and some modifications of it that resemble the Generalized Extreme Value distribution to high temperatures in Australia.…”

Section: Modern Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatology in American Geography

Skaggs

2004

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

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In this essay, I attempt to chronicle and assess the position of climatology in American geography during the past one hundred years with emphasis on the role of papers published in the Annals. The approach I take is influenced by my interest in the decline of physical geography, including climatology, beginning in the last half of the 1800s (Leighly 1938) to its resurgence in the 1950s and 1960s, and reviews of the climatology literature that have appeared recently (e.g., Carleton 1999). I discuss climatology in American geography in three loosely defined periods. The first is the formative era in which physical geography, including climatology, was a dominant part of our discipline, and physical geographical conditions such as climate were considered determinants of human affairs. In the middle (regional) era, the physical geographic environment, including climatology, was largely taken to be a static physical milieu or “stage” on which human activity occurred, simply to be described by geographers as part of regional analyses. The modern era, which begins just after the Second World War, is a period of increasing diversity of subject matter and method in climatology within geography and in American geography generally. Today climatology enjoys a “growth industry” status that hardly could be imagined forty years ago. These changes did not occur in isolation but in the context of the scientific, technological, social, economic, and political conditions, and changes in which they were embedded, and the status of climatology as a field of study was an important part of the context. I also comment on the number of climatology papers published in the Annals, including a curious anomaly in the last decade.

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“…Careful point sampling may be accurate at the microscale while only poorly representing the region (Myrup and Morgan, 1972). These long-standing problems have been described in climatological research reviews during the past century (Landsberg, 1957).…”

Section: Parameters In Urban Climatologymentioning

confidence: 99%