Review of CO
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            Leakage Mitigation and Remediation Technologies

Foam is a promising means to assist in the permanent, safe subsurface sequestration of CO2, whether in aquifers or as part of an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) process. Here we review the advantages demonstrated for foam that would assist CO2 sequestration, in particular sweep efficiency and residual trapping, and the challenges yet to be overcome. CO2 is trapped in porous geological layers by an impermeable overburden layer and residual trapping, dissolution into resident brine, and conversion to minerals in the pore space. Over-filling of geological traps and gravity segregation of injected CO2 can lead to excessive stress and cracking of the overburden. Maximizing storage while minimizing overburden stress in the near term depends on residual trapping in the swept zone. Therefore, we review the research and field-trial literature on CO2 foam sweep efficiency and capillary gas trapping in foam. We also review issues involved in surfactant selection for CO2 foam applications. Foam increases both sweep efficiency and residual gas saturation in the region swept. Both properties reduce gravity segregation of CO2. Among gases injected in EOR, CO2 has advantages of easier foam generation, better injectivity, and better prospects for long-distance foam propagation at low pressure gradient. In CO2 injection into aquifers, there is not the issue of destabilization of foam by contact with oil, as in EOR. In all reservoirs, surfactant-alternating-gas foam injection maximizes sweep efficiency while reducing injection pressure compared to direct foam injection. In heterogeneous formations, foam helps equalize injection over various layers. In addition, spontaneous foam generation at layer boundaries reduces gravity segregation of CO2. Challenges to foam-assisted CO2 sequestration include the following: 1) verifying the advantages indicated by laboratory research at the field scale 2) optimizing surfactant performance, while further reducing cost and adsorption if possible 3) long-term chemical stability of surfactant, and dilution of surfactant in the foam bank by flow of water. Residual gas must reside in place for decades, even if surfactant degrades or is diluted. 4) verifying whether foam can block upward flow of CO2 through overburden, either through pore pathways or microfractures. 5) optimizing injectivity and sweep efficiency in the field-design strategy. We review foam field trials for EOR and the state of the art from laboratory and modeling research on CO2 foam properties to present the prospects and challenges for foam-assisted CO2 sequestration.

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“…Some studies suggest that foam can reduce leakage from CO 2 storage reservoirs (Castaneda-Herrera et al, 2018;Zhu et al, 2021)…”

Section: Blocking Co 2 Leakage Through Overburden or Well Casingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential and Challenges of Foam-Assisted CO2 Sequestration

Rossen

Farajzadeh

Hirasaki

et al. 2022

SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference

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“…A proper sealant should be evaluated and selected in the light of the applied reservoir conditions and leakage features. , Ideal sealant materials should have the following characteristics: (1) They can work in a relatively low pH (usually from 3 to 6) environment. , In other words, they should have an excellent acid-resistant capability and cause no damage to the formation matrix. (2) Sealants should have a favorable mechanical strength to resist high pressures since the formation pressure of the CCS site is usually higher than 7.5 MPa.…”

Section: Sealant Materials For Co2 Leakage Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have been classified into three main types: (1) traditional Portland cement and geopolymer cement to segregate reservoir connections behind casing, (2) foams and gels to decrease the mobility of CO 2 , and (3) biofilms, nanoparticles, and CO 2 hydrate to improve the performance of CO 2 storage. Castaneda-Herrera et al have reviewed remediation methods for CO 2 leakage problems. Wu et al classified the sealants for mitigating cement-related petroleum well leakage into six types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Sealant Materials for Leakage Remediation Technology in Geological CO₂ Capture and Storage Process

et al. 2021

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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has been widely investigated to decrease the greenhouse effect. Geological CO2 storage sites are targeted mainly on depleted petroleum reservoirs or deep saline aquifers. However, CO2 leakage might take place through wellbores, cap rocks, reservoir fractures, or faults during or after the process of CO2 storage leading to environmental problems. To minimize these hazards, different kinds of sealants have been developed and applied. This review aims to summarize those materials applicable to CO2 leakage remediation. On the basis of the sealing mechanisms and compositions of different sealant materials, they were divided into seven major types: Portland cement, geopolymer cement, resins, biofilms barriers, gel systems, foams, and nanoparticles. For different types of sealants, their application background, chemical and physical properties, CO2 leakage remediation mechanism, impact factors of sealing performance, advantages, and limitations were summarized. Future development directions for these sealant materials are also recommended. To solve the problem caused by the weak acid-resistant performance of Portland cement, anti-CO2 materials should be developed and added to the formulation. Environmentally friendly materials need to be designed to replace some current user-hostile compositions in the geopolymer cement. Moreover, chemicals that can control the geopolymerization process are also required because of the high curing temperature requirement for the recent geopolymer productions. The injectivity of Portland cement and resin limits its application for in-depth CO2 leakage control; however, gels with relatively low viscosity during the injection can be a good alternative, although their thermal stability and strength need to be further enhanced. Biotechnology and nanotechnology are perspectives to be applied in the CO2 leakage control process. Foams with good stability might be used for CO2 leakage remediation in the porous medium without fractures, but their life cycle should be prolonged.

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“…Recently, a method has been proposed to accelerate the dissolution of CO 2 and brine and reduce the risk of leakage with co-injection of CO 2 with nanoparticles (NPs). Low-level nuclear waste containing NPs was suggested to be an economical method through a fully mixing with CO 2 before injection [8,9]. While the interfacial properties of the accelerated dissolution processes have rarely been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-injection of CO2 and Nanoparticles Enhance Sequestration Potential in Subsurface Aquifers

Sijia¹,

Wang²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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CO 2 storage in deep saline aquifers is a promising technique for carbon neutrality. Accelerating the dissolution rate of dissolution trapping is key to improving storage efficiency and providing long-term storage security. In this study, density-driven convection processes were conducted using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with two analog fluid pairs as equivalents of the CO 2 -brine fluid system. Superhydrophilic SiO 2 NPs with different mass fractions (0 wt%, 0.1 wt%, and 1 wt%) were added to the dense fluid to investigate the optimum mixing ratio. The basic fluid interface instability is identified. The addition of nanoparticles shortens the onset time of instability and increases the finger numbers in each axial section. It shows that dense fluid with NPs leads to more stable interface behavior. Furthermore, experimental results confirm that a reduction in surface tension between NPs and CO 2 would enhance fluid miscibility and the mass transfer during convection. This study can expand the perspective on accelerated dissolution rates and CCS security in the substance.

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Review of CO ₂ Leakage Mitigation and Remediation Technologies

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Potential and Challenges of Foam-Assisted CO2 Sequestration

Potential and Challenges of Foam-Assisted CO2 Sequestration

Comprehensive Review of Sealant Materials for Leakage Remediation Technology in Geological CO₂ Capture and Storage Process

Co-injection of CO2 and Nanoparticles Enhance Sequestration Potential in Subsurface Aquifers

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Review of CO 2 Leakage Mitigation and Remediation Technologies

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Potential and Challenges of Foam-Assisted CO2 Sequestration

Potential and Challenges of Foam-Assisted CO2 Sequestration

Comprehensive Review of Sealant Materials for Leakage Remediation Technology in Geological CO2 Capture and Storage Process

Co-injection of CO2 and Nanoparticles Enhance Sequestration Potential in Subsurface Aquifers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Review of CO ₂ Leakage Mitigation and Remediation Technologies

Comprehensive Review of Sealant Materials for Leakage Remediation Technology in Geological CO₂ Capture and Storage Process