Review of COVID-19 vaccine subtypes, efficacy and geographical distributions

Francis, Andre Ian; Ghany, Saudah; Gilkes, Tia; Umakanthan, Srikanth

doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140654

Cited by 185 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 33 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

162

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, various research laboratories worldwide concentrated on the emergency development of vaccines to achieve herd immunity and curtail global medical and societal impairment. Vaccination programs have rolled out across many countries, mainly using Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna, and Janssen to combat this pandemic [19]. However, vaccine-hesitant and vaccine-resistant groups are proving to be the significant setbacks in these government-mediated vaccination strategies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in India Explored through a Population-Based Longitudinal Survey

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The World Health Organization has recommended that individual governments identify vaccine hesitancy areas. It is proposed that the governments, with the aid of local organizations, educate and implement social insights on the vaccination so that high population levels are covered with this safe immune program. Methods: A longitudinal online survey covered 3000 adults from India. We examined the demography, behavioral (socio-economic) attitude, vaccine hesitancy, vaccine resistance for the COVID-19 vaccine. The specific reasons for the COVID-19 vaccine decline were also evaluated. Results: Our survey revealed 59% definite response, 29% low-level response, and 7% high-level response for vaccine hesitancy, while 6% had resistant views on the COVID-19 vaccine. Individuals who had higher income levels, lived in a society, maintained social distancing, had downloaded the COVID-19 update app, showed a positive attitude towards their government, and more confidence in their healthcare system were more inclined towards the vaccination. On the contrary, individuals who had overstated the risks of COVID-19 and had a religious and populistic attitude towards vaccination were more hesitant/resistant to vaccination. The respondents who declined vaccine administration were further evaluated for their specific reason for their response. The most common reasons for declining the COVID-19 vaccine were post-vaccine scare of adverse health effects and accepting the information spread by social media. Conclusions: The results in our study show that by identifying population “hot spots” that have negative or unclear information on the COVID-19 vaccination, these “hot spots” can be addressed by involving friendly organizations that can clear their strong disbeliefs and increase the percentage of vaccine-definite people within the population. The role of government-induced COVID-19 vaccine policy measures can always be beneficial to cause this shift from disbelief to confidence within the population.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, identifying this group throughout the country would only be possible if large-scale studies are held with respondent identifiers, causing a more sophisticated scheme of the research study [19]. Such studies would be faced with serious ethical issues and would also be debated seriously for political and socio-economic reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in India Explored through a Population-Based Longitudinal Survey

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly developed into a pandemic with approximately 210 million cases of infection and more than 4.4 million deaths recorded worldwide as of August 19, 2021 [ 1 ]. The rapid and successful development of COVID-19 vaccines is a significant hallmark of this pandemic [ 2 , 3 ]. Vaccination is the most efficient way to control the pandemic; however, vaccination rates are still below the targeted level in most countries [ 4 ], and cases continue to increase despite the existence of effective vaccines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: vaccination vs. hospitalization

Uzun

Akpolat

Varol³

et al. 2022

Infection

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective Vaccination is the most efficient way to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but vaccination rates remain below the target level in most countries. This multicenter study aimed to evaluate the vaccination status of hospitalized patients and compare two different booster vaccine protocols. Setting Inoculation in Turkey began in mid-January 2021. Sinovac was the only available vaccine until April 2021, when BioNTech was added. At the beginning of July 2021, the government offered a third booster dose to healthcare workers and people aged > 50 years who had received the two doses of Sinovac. Of the participants who received a booster, most chose BioNTech as the third dose. Methods We collected data from 25 hospitals in 16 cities. Patients hospitalized between August 1 and 10, 2021, were included and categorized into eight groups according to their vaccination status. Results We identified 1401 patients, of which 529 (37.7%) were admitted to intensive care units. Nearly half (47.8%) of the patients were not vaccinated, and those with two doses of Sinovac formed the second largest group (32.9%). Hospitalizations were lower in the group which received 2 doses of Sinovac and a booster dose of BioNTech than in the group which received 3 doses of Sinovac. Conclusion Effective vaccinations decreased COVID-19-related hospitalizations. The efficacy after two doses of Sinovac may decrease over time; however, it may be enhanced by adding a booster dose. Moreover, unvaccinated patients may be persuaded to undergo vaccination.

show abstract

“…However, it can induce some side effects [4]. There are four types of COVID-19 vaccines -Pfizer vaccine, AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine, Johnson & Johnson vaccine, and Moderna [2]. Pfizer vaccine/BNT162b2 exhibits 95% efficacy in preventing the illness but showed some common systemic adverse effects that were reported in the clinical trials, such as fever, headache, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia was first reported in 2019 then declared as a pandemic in 2020 which is also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1]. Different types of vaccines have been developed since the start of the COVID-19 as an emergency response to the pandemic which includes Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2), AstraZeneca/Oxford COVID-19 vaccine also known as ChAdOx1nCoV-19 (AZD1222), Johnson & Johnson vaccine (Ad26.COV2.S), and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273) [2]. Erythema nodosum is a hypersensitivity reaction that causes inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue due to immune complex deposition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Case of Erythema Nodosum Associated With Pfizer Vaccine

Aly¹,

Alshehri²,

Mohammed³

et al. 2021

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Vaccine-related erythema nodosum is uncommon, especially after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. This study presents the first case of the Pfizer vaccine associated with erythema nodosum. A 22-year-old healthy woman presented with a five-day history of several red painful areas with swelling in the lower extremities that started one day after receiving the first dose of Pfizer vaccine. Past medical history, laboratory investigation, and chest radiograph revealed normal results. Erythema nodosum is an immune reaction that manifests as multiple, painful nodules commonly seen on the shin that resolved spontaneously two to eight weeks after the onset. In the absence of laboratory and chest radiograph abnormalities and shortly after receiving the Pfizer vaccine, vaccine-related erythema nodosum is the only possible explanation.

show abstract

Review of COVID-19 vaccine subtypes, efficacy and geographical distributions

Cited by 185 publications

References 33 publications

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in India Explored through a Population-Based Longitudinal Survey

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in India Explored through a Population-Based Longitudinal Survey

COVID-19: vaccination vs. hospitalization

First Case of Erythema Nodosum Associated With Pfizer Vaccine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About