Review of current evidence and clinical recommendations on the effects of low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate (including ketogenic) diets for the management of body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A scientific statement from the National Lipid Association Nutrition and Lifestyle Task Force

Kirkpatrick, Carol F.; Bolick, Julie P.; Kris-Etherton, Penny M.; Sikand, Geeta; Aspry, Karen; Soffer, Daniel; Willard, Kaye Eileen; Maki, Kevin C.

doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2019.08.003

Cited by 288 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(427 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

186

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Overconsumption of simple sugars, refined carbohydrates, and poor-quality refined oils are believed to increase the risk of developing NCDs [4,6]. Furthermore, there is now much clinical evidence that dietary carbohydrate restriction, and particularly sugar restriction, can improve markers of metabolic health, including obesity, hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia [7][8][9]. Current guidelines for a healthy diet in South Africa recommend carbohydrate intake to be 45-65% of calories and fat intake to be 20-35% of calories [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Perceptions of Women from Under-Resourced South African Communities about Participating in a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Nutrition and Health Education Program: A Qualitative Focus Group Study

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Scientific evidence suggests that low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets may be effective for managing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Eat Better South Africa (EBSA) is an organization that runs LCHF nutrition education programs for women from low-income communities. Three focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with 18 women who had taken part in an EBSA program between 2015 and 2017, to explore their perceptions and to identify the facilitators and barriers they faced in implementing and sustaining dietary changes. Thematic analysis of the focus groups was conducted using NVivo 12 software. Women reported that they decided to enroll in the program because they suffered from NCDs. Most women said that the EBSA diet made them feel less hungry, more energetic and they felt that their health had improved. Most women spoke of socioeconomic challenges which made it difficult for them to follow EBSA’s recommendations, such as employment status, safety issues in the community, and lack of support from relatives and doctors. Hence, women felt they needed more support from EBSA after the program. The social determinants that affected these women’s ability to change their health behavior are also NCD risk factors, and these should be assessed to improve the program for other communities.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Perceptions of Women from Under-Resourced South African Communities about Participating in a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Nutrition and Health Education Program: A Qualitative Focus Group Study

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The low carbohydrate, high fat diet has become popular in recent years for various health outcomes ranging from weight reduction to longevity [ 24 ]. Carbohydrate restricted diets applied in clinical practice include: Akins (restricting only carbohydrate, but not protein and fat), South Beach and Zone (moderate carbohydrate with moderate protein and fat), and Ketogenic (very low carbohydrate and restricted protein and fat) [ 2 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associating Intake Proportion of Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein with All-Cause Mortality in Korean Adults

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Determining the ideal ratio of macronutrients for increasing life expectancy remains a high priority in nutrition research. We aim to investigate the association between carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake and all-cause mortality in Koreans. This cohort study investigated 42,192 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) linked with causes of death data (2007–2015). Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using the multivariable Cox proportional regression model after adjusting for confounders. We documented 2110 deaths during the follow-up period. Time to exceed 1% of the all-cause mortality rate was longest in participants with 50–60% carbohydrate, 30–40% fat, and 20–30% protein intake. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was 1.313 (1.031–1.672, p = 0.0272) for <50% carbohydrate intake, 1.322 (1.116–1.567, p = 0.0013) for ≥60% carbohydrate intake, 1.439 (1.018–2.035, p = 0.0394) for <30% fat intake, and 3.255 (1.767–5.997, p = 0.0002) for ≥40% fat intake. There was no significant association between protein intake proportion and all-cause mortality. We found a U-shaped association between all-cause mortality and carbohydrate intake as well as fat intake, with minimal risk observed at 50–60% carbohydrate and 30–40% fat intake. Our findings suggest current Korean dietary guidelines should be revised to prolong life expectancy.

show abstract

“…Ketogenic interventions may indirectly affect cognitive outcomes, in part, by improving insulin sensitivity or stimulating weight loss; they would also be predicted to be more efficient in slowing down Alzheimer’s disease if combined with exercise 42. Given the emerging evidence for the cardiometabolic safety of the ketogenic diet and the growing interest in its use to treat type 2 diabetes,43 a long term controlled intervention assessing its effect on cognitive outcomes and risk of Alzheimer’s disease is warranted.…”

Section: Brain Glucose Use Ketones and Cognitive Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%