Review of Dendritic Cells, Their Role in Clinical Immunology, and Distribution in Various Animal Species

Lee

et al. 2021

Cells

The kinetics of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) vary depending on their resident tissues and the manner of immunization. We investigated the long-term changes in mature APC and T-cell subsets over 4 weeks in the ocular surface in murine models of corneal quiescent or potent sterile inflammation, and allosensitization using partial (PT), syngeneic (Syn), and allogeneic (Allo) corneal transplantation. In PT, CD11bintCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi cells increased until 4 weeks with an increase in IFNγhi T cells. In Syn, both CD11bintCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi and CD11bhiCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi APC subsets increased until 4 weeks with a brief increase in CD69hi T cells at 2 weeks. In Allo, CD11bintCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi and CD11bhiCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi APC subsets increased until 4 weeks, and an early increase in CD69hi T cells was observed at 2 weeks followed by a late increase in IFNγhi T cells at 4 weeks. The frequency of the IFNγhi T cell subset was positively correlated with the frequency of the CD11bintCD11chiMHCIIhiCD86hi subset, indicating the existence of APC–T cell interaction in the ocular surface. Together, the results indicate that allosensitization in mature APCs leads to T-cell activation in the ocular surface, whereas sterile inflammation merely induces a brief and non-specific T-cell activation in the ocular surface.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-Dependent Serial Changes of Antigen-Presenting Cell Subsets in the Ocular Surface Are Distinct between Corneal Sterile Inflammation and Allosensitization in a Murine Model

Lee

et al. 2021

Cells

“…DCs are the most powerful antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which exist in almost all human peripheral tissues and link innate and adaptive immune responses. DCs can be divided into conventional DCs (cDCs), pDCs and monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) ( 15 – 18 ). And cDCs can be further divided into the type 1 (cDC1) and type 2 (cDC2) subsets ( 15 , 16 , 19 – 21 )( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Classification Of Dcs and Tregsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosstalk between dendritic cells and regulatory T cells: Protective effect and therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system related to autoimmunity and is characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Cell therapies mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) have gradually become accumulating focusing in MS, and the protective crosstalk mechanisms between DCs and Tregs provide the basis for the efficacy of treatment regimens. In MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, DCs communicate with Tregs to form immune synapses and complete a variety of complex interactions to counteract the unbalanced immune tolerance. Through different co-stimulatory/inhibitory molecules, cytokines, and metabolic enzymes, DCs regulate the proliferation, differentiation and function of Tregs. On the other hand, Tregs inhibit the mature state and antigen presentation ability of DCs, ultimately improving immune tolerance. In this review, we summarized the pivotal immune targets in the interaction between DCs and Tregs, and elucidated the protective mechanisms of DC-Treg cell crosstalk in MS, finally interpreted the complex cell interplay in the manner of inhibitory feedback loops to explore novel therapeutic directions for MS.

“…Among them, the targeting of immunogens to antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DCs), has demonstrated to be a powerful tool to induce the clonal expansion of specific B- and T-cells ( 16 ). This is critical in those diseases that require cellular immunity, such as diseases caused by intracellular pathogens, major chronic infections including viral hepatitis, AIDS, human papillomavirus-linked pathologies, tuberculosis and more recently as a boost of first generation of COVID-19 vaccines as well as in other non-infectious diseases like cancer ( 17 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refining the DC-targeting vaccination for preventing emerging infectious diseases

Pastor

Ghazzaui²,

Hammoudi³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

The development of safe, long-term, effective vaccines is still a challenge for many infectious diseases. Thus, the search of new vaccine strategies and production platforms that allow rapidly and effectively responding against emerging or reemerging pathogens has become a priority in the last years. Targeting the antigens directly to dendritic cells (DCs) has emerged as a new approach to enhance the immune response after vaccination. This strategy is based on the fusion of the antigens of choice to monoclonal antibodies directed against specific DC surface receptors such as CD40. Since time is essential, in silico approaches are of high interest to select the most immunogenic and conserved epitopes to improve the T- and B-cells responses. The purpose of this review is to present the advances in DC vaccination, with special focus on DC targeting vaccines and epitope mapping strategies and provide a new framework for improving vaccine responses against infectious diseases.