Review of Developments in Portable Hydrogen Production Using Microreactor Technology

Holladay, Johnathan E.; Wang, Yong; Jones, Evan O.

doi:10.1021/cr020721b

Cited by 366 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…These catalysts have in common that bimetallic Pd-M nanoparticles are formed upon H 2 treatment. Especially 1:1 PdZn nanoparticles supported on ZnO offer the advantage of higher thermal and chemical stability [1,2] than their Cu counterpart, giving rise to better long-term stability and less deactivation with time-on-stream [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…to the stable Pd 1 Zn 1 or Pd 2 Ga bulk phases, has been shown to be highly beneficial for the desired selectivity of the MSR process CH 3 OH + H 2 O → CO 2 + 3H 2 [1] and for suppression of the methanol dehydrogenation reaction CH 3 OH → CO + 2H 2 . This result is very interesting, but also raises several questions regarding details of the action of the respective "isolated" bimetallic surfaces (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Steam reforming of methanol on PdZn near-surface alloys on Pd(1 1 1) and Pd foil studied by in-situ XPS, LEIS and PM-IRAS

Rameshan

Weilach

Stadlmayr

et al. 2010

Journal of Catalysis

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The CO2-selectivity in methanol steam reforming was investigated for a "multilayer" PdZn 1:1 surface alloy (thickness of ~1.3 nm) and for a subsurface-Zn diluted "monolayer" PdZn surface alloy, both exhibiting a 1:1 composition in the surface layer. Despite having almost the same surface layer stoichiometry, these two types of near-surface alloys exhibit different corrugations and electronic structures. The CO2-selective multilayer alloy features a lowered density of states close to the Fermi edge and surface ensembles of PdZn exhibiting a "Zn-up/Pd-down" corrugation, acting as bifunctional active sites both for reversible water activation as ZnOH and for reaction of methanol (via formaldehyde + ZnOH) toward CO2. The thermochemical stability limit of the multilayer alloy at around 573 K was determined in-situ at elevated pressures of water, methanol and CO, applying in-situ XPS, PM-IRAS spectroscopy, LEIS and AES. Above 573 K, the coordination of the surface 1:1 PdZn layer with subsurfaceZn gradually decreased by bulk diffusion of Zn "escaping" from the second and deeper layers, resulting in a transition from the CO2-selective PdZn "multilayer" state to the unselective "monolayer" state, which only catalyses methanol dehydrogenation to CO.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steam reforming of methanol on PdZn near-surface alloys on Pd(1 1 1) and Pd foil studied by in-situ XPS, LEIS and PM-IRAS

Rameshan

Weilach

Stadlmayr

et al. 2010

Journal of Catalysis

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“…Krummenacher et al [16] had succeeded in using catalytic partial oxidation for decane, hexadecane, and diesel fuel. The high operating temperatures (>800 ∘ C) [16] and safety concerns may make their use for practical and compact portable devices difficult due to thermal management [21]. Typically, the thermal efficiency of POX reactors with methane as fuel lies in the range of 60-75% [22].…”

Section: Partial Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Production Technologies: Current State and Future Developments

Kalamaras

Efstathiou

2013

Conference Papers in Energy

355

177

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Hydrogen (H2) is currently used mainly in the chemical industry for the production of ammonia and methanol. Nevertheless, in the near future, hydrogen is expected to become a significant fuel that will largely contribute to the quality of atmospheric air. Hydrogen as a chemical element (H) is the most widespread one on the earth and as molecular dihydrogen (H2) can be obtained from a number of sources both renewable and nonrenewable by various processes. Hydrogen global production has so far been dominated by fossil fuels, with the most significant contemporary technologies being the steam reforming of hydrocarbons (e.g., natural gas). Pure hydrogen is also produced by electrolysis of water, an energy demanding process. This work reviews the current technologies used for hydrogen (H2) production from both fossil and renewable biomass resources, including reforming (steam, partial oxidation, autothermal, plasma, and aqueous phase) and pyrolysis. In addition, other methods for generating hydrogen (e.g., electrolysis of water) and purification methods, such as desulfurization and water-gas shift reactions are discussed.

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“…Micro− and meso-scale reactors are a rapidly emerging technology field , Hessel et al, 2005, Holladay et al, 2004. They differ in type / configuration and manufacturing procedures.…”

Section: Micro and Meso−scale Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large surface to volume ratio of these structures leads to effective heat dissipation making these systems suitable for highly exothermic / endothermic reactions with short contact times. There are very few papers that report the use of such micro and meso-scale reformers for the production of hydrogen from steam reforming of methane and ethanol (Pattekar & Kothare, 2004, Hessel et al, 2005, Holladay et al, 2004). …”

Section: Micro and Meso−scale Reactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Meso-Scale Catalysts for Bulk-Scale Processing of Natural Gas - A Case Study of Steam Reforming of Methane

Mathure¹,

Patwardhan²,

Saha³

2012

Advances in Natural Gas Technology

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Review of Developments in Portable Hydrogen Production Using Microreactor Technology

Cited by 366 publications

References 61 publications

Steam reforming of methanol on PdZn near-surface alloys on Pd(1 1 1) and Pd foil studied by in-situ XPS, LEIS and PM-IRAS

Steam reforming of methanol on PdZn near-surface alloys on Pd(1 1 1) and Pd foil studied by in-situ XPS, LEIS and PM-IRAS

Hydrogen Production Technologies: Current State and Future Developments

Use of Meso-Scale Catalysts for Bulk-Scale Processing of Natural Gas - A Case Study of Steam Reforming of Methane

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