Review of Electric Machines in More-/Hybrid-/Turbo-Electric Aircraft

Sayed, Ehab; Abdalmagid, Mohamed; Pietrini, Giorgio; Sa'adeh, Nicole-Marie; Callegaro, Alan Dorneles; Goldstein, Cyrille; Emadi, Ali

doi:10.1109/tte.2021.3089605

Cited by 185 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…Fig.9. Battery mass ratio for the Alice and DHC-100 aircraft, as found for the different flight distances modeled in this case study (i.e., Figs [10][11][12][13][14],. depending on the battery technology level, projected based on eq.…”

mentioning

confidence: 59%

Potential and Limitations of Battery-Powered All-Electric Regional Flights—A Norwegian Case Study

Baerheim

Lamb

Nøland

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific.

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The purpose of this study is to look at both the potential and the limitations of first-generation electric aviation technology while emphasizing Norway's geographical opportunities and unique regional network. Electric flight distances up to 400 km would cover around 77 % of all flights within Norway. Currently, there is limited research into the suitability of battery-powered all-electric aviation in such scenarios, where Norway is an ideal case study location. In this work, the key factors, including battery technologies, propulsion systems, aircraft designs, and important aspects of the flight profile, are investigated to determine the suitability of specific routes in terms of the required power, energy, and battery size. A case study of five different flight distances in Norway (77 −392 km) and two different aircraft bodies (one retrofitted with an electric powertrain and one completely designed around the electric drivetrain) are presented. While the completely redesigned aircraft is observed to fulfill the power requirements of the routes, the results suggest that modest energy density improvements in batteries would facilitate retrofitting pre-existing aircraft. Finally, the study shows that it will be feasible to operate small (9 −39 passenger) electric aircraft on short-haul flights in Norway through either new aircraft designs or retrofitting shortly.

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mentioning

confidence: 59%

Potential and Limitations of Battery-Powered All-Electric Regional Flights—A Norwegian Case Study

Baerheim

Lamb

Nøland

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific.

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“…The aviation sector contributes significantly to these emissions, where the sector's CO2 emissions resembled 2.2% of the global CO2 emissions in 2017 [1]. The conventional aircraft system is complex, and the multiple power-conversion steps reduce the entire system's efficiency and reliability [2]. Electrical systems are more and more widely implemented in more electric aircraft (MEA) over the last few decades due to their potential in improving efficiency and reducing emissions [3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed/Torque Ripple Reduction of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Starters/Generators With Low Inductance for More Electric Aircraft Applications

Zhang

Yang

Bozhko

2022

IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific.

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With the electrification trend of future aircraft, high-speed Permanent Magnet Starters/Generators (PMS/Gs) will potentially be widely used in onboard generation systems due to their high power density and high efficiency. However, the perunit reactance of such high-speed machines is normally designed to be very low due to limited onboard power supply voltage and large electrical power demand, which can result in large current ripples in the machine and thus large torque ripples especially when the machine is fed with a semiconductor-based inverter of a lower switching frequency. The torque ripples may further lead to speed oscillation and generate severe vibrations and noises that are harmful to the mechanical system and human beings around. In this paper, a speed/torque ripple reduction method for high-speed PMS/Gs with a low inductance is proposed to improve their performance within a wide speed range. An active damping technique is applied to the speed loop to increase the antidisturbance capability and generate a smoother reference for the current loop, whereas an adaptive output voltage saturation limit is utilized for the current loop to limit the peak value of current to prevent over-current and torque spikes. The parameter tuning criteria is derived through a thorough analysis. Finally, the proposed method is validated on a high-speed PMS/G with an inductance of 99uH. The results show that the speed ripples and torque ripples are reduced by over 50% within a speed range of 2 krpm to 14 krpm.

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“…Four main non-cryogenic electric motor topologies are typically considered for electric aircraft: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Wound field Synchronous Machines (WFSM), Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM) and Induction machines (IM) [60,61].…”

Section: Electric Propulsionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• PMSM has the highest power density and efficiency but can have reliability issues due to the permanent magnets [60]. The typical efficiency of PMSM is >96 % with a power density of 16 kW/kg.…”

Section: Electric Propulsionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are also cheaper than PMSM at the expense of a decreased power density, increased control complexity and weight requirements due to additional windings. Also compared to the other motor topologies WFSM typically have the lowest efficiency of approximately 80 %, however, there are theoretical design that have an estimated efficiency of 98 % [60].…”

Section: Electric Propulsionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulating Electrification of Aircraft in a Domestic New Zealand Environment

Shellard¹

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<p>Global attention has been drawn towards aviation emissions due to the lack of a low carbon substitute, this is exacerbated in New Zealand as there are no alternatives to aviation for rapid transit between cities. An alternative energy storage to aviation fuel being developed is electrical energy, typically in the form of batteries. Simulating and modelling are integral to the development of novel technologies like electric aircraft. However, due to the lack of data, software models are difficult to validate. This thesis details the design and testing of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation, which utilises software to represent airframes and aerodynamics and hardware to represent an electrified powertrain of a Bombardier Q300. The developed system will be used to investigate flight paths for custom airframes and novel powertrains.</p>

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Review of Electric Machines in More-/Hybrid-/Turbo-Electric Aircraft

Cited by 185 publications

References 177 publications

Potential and Limitations of Battery-Powered All-Electric Regional Flights—A Norwegian Case Study

Potential and Limitations of Battery-Powered All-Electric Regional Flights—A Norwegian Case Study

Speed/Torque Ripple Reduction of High-Speed Permanent Magnet Starters/Generators With Low Inductance for More Electric Aircraft Applications

Simulating Electrification of Aircraft in a Domestic New Zealand Environment

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