Review of Electric Vehicle Technologies, Charging Methods, Standards and Optimization Techniques

Arif, Syed Muhammad; Lie, Tek Tjing; Seet, Boon Chong; Ayyadi, Soumia; Jensen, K.

doi:10.3390/electronics10161910

Cited by 121 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Figure 4 makes available the visual representation of these EV charger connectors and the typical power ratings [60]. A comprehensive review that provides an extensive information on EV charging methods, including charging standards, levels of charging, and charging configurations was conducted by Arif et al [61]. This review provides a pathway for countries to adopt methodologies that are based on a feasible framework established for the successful adoption of EVs.…”

Section: Sustainable Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Transportation

2021

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The future direction of electric vehicle (EV) transportation in relation to the energy demand for charging EVs needs a more sustainable roadmap, compared to the current reliance on the centralised electricity grid system. It is common knowledge that the current state of electricity grids in the biggest economies of the world today suffer a perennial problem of power losses; and were not designed for the uptake and integration of the growing number of large-scale EV charging power demands from the grids. To promote sustainable EV transportation, this study aims to review the current state of research and development around this field. This study is significant to the effect that it accomplishes four major objectives. (1) First, the implication of large-scale EV integration to the electricity grid is assessed by looking at the impact on the distribution network. (2) Secondly, it provides energy management strategies for optimizing plug-in EVs load demand on the electricity distribution network. (3) It provides a clear direction and an overview on sustainable EV charging infrastructure, which is highlighted as one of the key factors that enables the promotion and sustainability of the EV market and transportation sector, re-engineered to support the United Nations Climate Change Agenda. Finally, a conclusion is made with some policy recommendations provided for the promotion of the electric vehicle market and widespread adoption in any economy of the world.

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Section: Sustainable Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Transportation

2021

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“…Many attempts have been made to study the impact of the high penetration level of PEVs on the network [19][20][21][22]. For instance, high power demand may perturb the voltage stability on the network [23][24][25], and sophisticated algorithms are needed to mitigate the impact of PEVs during peak periods [26][27][28][29]. However, it is not known what the impact will be when considering different SOC levels and not just the penetration level of PEVs.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Charging Electric Vehicles under Different State of Charge Levels and Extreme Conditions

et al. 2021

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High penetration levels of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) could cause stress on the network and might violate the limits and constraints under extreme conditions, such as exceeding power and voltage limits on transformers and power lines. This paper defines extreme conditions as the state of a load or network that breaks the limits of the constraints in an optimization model. Once these constraints are violated, the optimization algorithm might not work correctly and might not converge to a feasible solution, especially when the complexity of the system increases and includes nonlinearities. Hence, the algorithm may not help in mitigating the impact of penetrating PEVs under extreme conditions. To solve this problem, an original algorithm is suggested that is able to adapt the constraints’ limits according to the energy demand and the energy needed to charge the PEVs. Different case scenarios are studied for validation purposes, such as charging PEVs under different state of charge levels, different energy demands at home, and different pricing mechanisms. Results show that our original algorithm improved the profiles of the voltage and power under extreme conditions. Hence, the algorithm is able to improve the integration of a high number of PEVs on the distribution system under extreme conditions while preserving its stability.

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“…where d is the dust content (200 particles per cm3), k is an empirical coefficient equal to k = 0.5(cos! z ) 1 3 and w I [W/m 2 ] is the direct irradiance transmitted in absence of scattering, given by:…”

Section: The Modified Bcls Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the need of fast charging infrastructure and the still low penetration of renewable electricity production limit the feasibility of a rapid electrification of the fleet. Moreover, a very large reconversion of fleets with massive scrapping of cars often still in good conditions is not the most sustainable solution in a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) perspective [3], and other options, as ecological car reconversion, are being considered [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Provisional Model for the Optimal Management of a Charging Station Assisted by Photovoltaic Panels for Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Rizzo

Antonio²,

Massaro³

2021

J. Solar Eneg. Res. Updat.

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There is a strongly increasing diffusion of Electric Vehicles (EV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), in order to reduce air pollution in urban environment and to mitigate the global warming issues. Anyway, the achievement of this latter goal strictly depends on the source of primary energy used to generate electrical energy. In the paper, a model for the optimal design and operation of a charging station for EV and PHEV assisted by a PhotoVoltaic (PV) plant is presented. A provisional model for the estimation of the incoming insolation, based on cloudiness prevision, is integrated with a nonlinear constrained optimization algorithm, in order to satisfy the load while minimizing the recourse to electrical grid for battery storage charging. Simulations on different locations and charging loads for various size of PV plant and battery capacity are presented, and the benefits in terms of CO2 reduction discussed.

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Review of Electric Vehicle Technologies, Charging Methods, Standards and Optimization Techniques

Cited by 121 publications

References 77 publications

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Transportation

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Transportation

Impact of Charging Electric Vehicles under Different State of Charge Levels and Extreme Conditions

A Provisional Model for the Optimal Management of a Charging Station Assisted by Photovoltaic Panels for Plug-In Electric Vehicles

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