Review of Entrapments in Bulk Agricultural Materials at Commercial Grain Facilities

Freeman, Steven A.; Kelley, Kevin; Maier, Dirk E.; Field, William E.

doi:10.1016/s0022-4375(98)00008-5

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The scenario was selected to reflect the response of an employee when presented with a potential shortcut opportunity. The dilemma presented is one that occurs commonly in the grain-handling industry, i.e., the bridging of out-ofcondition grain as it is unloaded from a storage container to a transportation vehicle (Brandon, 2009;Freeman et al, 1998;Kingman and Field, 2005). This bridging blocks the flow and slows or stops the grain from moving.…”

Section: Measuring Employee Decision-makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Safety Decision-Making Scenario to Measure Worker Safety in Agriculture

2014

J. Agric. Safety and Health

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Human factors play an important role in the management of occupational safety, especially in high-hazard workplaces such as commercial grain-handling facilities. Employee decision-making patterns represent an essential component of the safety system within a work environment. This research describes the process used to create a safety decision-making scenario to measure the process that grain-handling employees used to make choices in a safety-related work task. A sample of 160 employees completed safety decision-making simulations based on a hypothetical but realistic scenario in a grain-handling environment. Their choices and the information they used to make their choices were recorded. Although the employees emphasized safety information in their decision-making process, not all of their choices were safe choices. Factors influencing their choices are discussed, and implications for industry, management, and workers are shared.

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Section: Measuring Employee Decision-makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Safety Decision-Making Scenario to Measure Worker Safety in Agriculture

2014

J. Agric. Safety and Health

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“…This on-going effort has stimulated subsequent researches on such topics as: entrapments in grain transport vehicles (Kelley et al, 1996), entrapments in commercial grain facilities (Freeman et al, 1998), on-farm fatalities , contributing factors to grain entrapments (Kingman et al, 2003), safety of grain vacuums and impact of grain rescue tubes on the forces needed to extricate a victim (Roberts et al, 2015). In addition, since 2010, PUASHP has published annual summaries of U.S. grain-related entrapments/engulfments (Roberts & Field, 2010;Riedel & Field, 2011;Roberts et al, 2012;Issa et al, 2013;Issa et al, 2015).…”

Section: Research Effortsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the environmental impact and physiological conditions on the human body during an engulfment, entrapment and extrication

Issa

Schwab

Field³

2015

2015 ASABE International Meeting

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Grain entrapments and engulfments are one of most common hazards associated with grain storage facilities. Since 1970's over 1000 grain entrapments and engulfments incidents have been documented. However, there have been very few attempts to understand the forces and physiological conditions on the victims involved in these incidents, and understand why and how injuries are caused. This research will contribute to a better understanding of the conditions a body faces when entrapped/engulfed in grain. This is critical to understand to be able to address the low survival rate (12%) of engulfments. Based on literature review, the human body can be impacted by two sources. First there are environmental conditions such as grain pressure, oxygen levels that can determine the survivorship of a victim. Second there are physiological conditions such as asphyxiation, suspension trauma and heart rate that also have an impact on the human body. In conclusion the human body is impacted by multiple conditions and forces both internally and externally that impact the likelihood for survival. To be able to have an impact it is critical that studies are conducted on the impact of lateral pressure on lung expansion and if suspension trauma might be a contributing factor in the deaths. KeywordsGrain entrapment, grain engulfment, grain extrication, suspension trauma, lateral grain pressure, fatality prevention

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“…[1][2][3] However, because the criteria used to identify these cases included the keywords "confined space" and "suffocation," deaths and injuries identified through this data collection process also included cases involving other types of on-farm confined spaces, such as fuel and chemical storage tanks, silos, and livestock manure storage and handling facilities. With support from a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) pilot project grant, a study was undertaken to mine the Purdue database to identify and specifically explore fatalities and injuries associated with manure storage and handling facilities.…”

Section: Dr Bernardino Ramazzini (Father Of Occupational Medicine) Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Summary of Documented Fatalities in Livestock Manure Storage and Handling Facilities-1975-2004

Beaver

Field²

2007

Journal of Agromedicine

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Data were compiled and analyzed on the estimated frequency and characteristics of deaths related to on-farm manure storage and handling facilities for the period of 1975 through 2004. Sources included published government reports, national and local media, on-line searches, published farm fatality reports, and prior litigation. No prior research was identified that addressed the magnitude of the problem, nor documented evidence-based intervention strategies. Data from 77 fatalities along with 21 severe injuries and 14 international fatality cases were identified, documented and coded for analysis. Analysis of the 77 fatalities showed that victim characteristics and causative factors did not reflect previously reported patterns; i.e., over half of the fatalities involved dairy operations and 21% involved persons under the age of 16. The largest percentage (34%) of deaths occurred to persons conducting repair or maintenance activities on manure handling equipment, while the second largest group (22%) were attempting to perform a rescue of another person. The most frequently identified cause of death was asphyxiation with elevated levels of sulfide levels in the blood noted in some cases. The peak period of incidents were during the hottest part of the summer and often associated with transferring of manure for application to crop ground. Recommendations included the need to revise ASABE EP470 Manure Storage Safety Practice to include engineering controls that would reduce the need for farmers and farm workers to enter spaces containing toxic manure-related gases. In addition, the need to educate owner/operators and employees concerning the hazards associated with agricultural manure storage structures and equipment, especially those classified as permit-required confined spaces, should be considered, including the need for appropriate warnings and entry procedures. Incorporation of current OSHA confined space entry procedures into these facilities is also recommended.

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Review of Entrapments in Bulk Agricultural Materials at Commercial Grain Facilities

Cited by 25 publications

References 2 publications

Development of a Safety Decision-Making Scenario to Measure Worker Safety in Agriculture

Development of a Safety Decision-Making Scenario to Measure Worker Safety in Agriculture

A review on the environmental impact and physiological conditions on the human body during an engulfment, entrapment and extrication

Summary of Documented Fatalities in Livestock Manure Storage and Handling Facilities-1975-2004

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