Review of Environmental and Human Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants

Jacob, Jolly; Cherian, Jacob

doi:10.5539/ass.v9n11p107

Cited by 40 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…There are thousands of POPs; among the most important are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides or PAHs [22]. POPs are either chemicals produced intentionally, such as the agrochemical dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or PCBs, or unintentional by-products of various industrial processes, such as dioxins, from incinerating plants, power stations, chemical facilities, evaporation from water surfaces, soil, or from the landfills and diverse combustions [23]. Many persistent and semipersistent chemicals have endocrine-disrupting properties: e.g.…”

Section: Environmental Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Environment, occupation and cancer

Espina

Straif

Friis

et al. 2015

Cancer Epidemiology

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People are exposed throughout life to a wide range of environmental and occupational pollutants from different sources at home, in the workplace or in the general environment - exposures that normally cannot be directly controlled by the individual. Several chemicals, metals, dusts, fibres, and occupations have been established to be causally associated with an increased risk of specific cancers, such as cancers of the lung, skin and urinary bladder, and mesothelioma. Significant amounts of air pollutants - mainly from road transport and industry - continue to be emitted in the European Union (EU); an increased occurrence of lung cancer has been attributed to air pollution even in areas below the EU limits for daily air pollution. Additionally, a wide range of pesticides as well as industrial and household chemicals may lead to widespread human exposure, mainly through food and water. For most environmental pollutants, the most effective measures are regulations and community actions aimed at reducing and eliminating the exposures. Thus, it is imperative to raise awareness about environmental and occupational carcinogens in order to motivate individuals to be proactive in advocating protection and supporting initiatives aimed at reducing pollution. Regulations are not homogeneous across EU countries, and protective measures in the workplace are not used consistently by all workers all the time; compliance with regulations needs to be continuously monitored and enforced. Therefore, the recommendation on Environment and Occupation of the 4th edition of the European Code against Cancer, focusing on what individuals can do to reduce their cancer risk, reads: "In the workplace, protect yourself against cancer-causing substances by following health and safety instructions."

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Section: Environmental Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Environment, occupation and cancer

Espina

Straif

Friis

et al. 2015

Cancer Epidemiology

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“…Regarding the removal of refractory species, the other important factor of reclaiming wastewater, CDEO has proved its efficiency in the removal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) contained in urban wastewater, such as antibiotics, hormones, stimulants, etc. (El-Shahawi et al 2010, Indermuhle et al 2013, Jacob &Cherian 2013, Martín de Vidales et al 2012a, Martín de Vidales et al 2012b, Martinez-Huitle &Brillas 2009, Oturan &J.J. 2013, Zanin et al 2013. The production of high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals by water electrolysis and the formation of large amounts of other oxidants such as persulfates, peroxocarbonates and peroxophosphates contributes to the efficient degradation of the different organic pollutants (Marselli et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scale-up of electrolytic and photoelectrolytic processes for water reclaiming: a preliminary study

Vidales

Cotillas

Perez-Serrano

et al. 2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This work focuses on the scale-up of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical oxidation processes with diamond anodes for the removal of organic pollutants and disinfection of treated urban wastewater, two of the most important parameters for the reclaiming of wastewater. The removal of organics was studied with actual biologically treated urban wastewater intensified with 100 mg dm(-3) of caffeine, added as a trace organic pollutant. The disinfection was also studied with biologically treated urban wastewater, and Escherichia coli was used to monitor the efficiency of the process. Results obtained with a single DiaCell® 101 were compared with those obtained with a single-stack DiaCell® 1001 and with a pilot plant made up of five of these stacks. Results obtained demonstrate that scale-up is not a simple but a very complex process, in which not only the electrode and the irradiation dose are important but also mass transfer conditions. Enhanced mass transport conditions have a determining and very positive effect on the removal of organics and a negative effect on the disinfection. Likewise, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation affects in a different way in the different setups used, having a great influence on the removal of complex organics and on the speciation of oxidants produced during disinfection. This works helps to understand the key differences observed in the scale-up, and it is a first approach for future works focused on the real application of conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation.

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“…They are typically associated to serious damages not only in environment but also in human health. Specifically, these compounds can affect endocrine, immunologic and neurologic systems, and they may cause various types of cancers and they are even associated to low intelligence quotient in children [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What happens to inorganic nitrogen species during conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation of real wastewater?

Vidales

Millán

Sáez

et al. 2016

Electrochemistry Communications

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This work describes the oxidation of caffeine, metoprolol, SMX and progesterone in real wastewater in terms of inorganic nitrogen speciation and help to clarify the mechanisms that affect inorganic nitrogen species as final products. In synthetic solutions containing ammonium or nitrates ions, it has been confirmed that reduction of nitrates is a very favored process while oxidation of ammonium is negligible. Role of chloride is demonstrated to be important in the formation of chloramines, as well. These results allow to clarify the production of nitrates as main product of the oxidation of organic chemicals and the occurrence of ammonium and chloramines in the reaction media, as well as the depletion of nitrogen by gaseous nitrogen production. Results are of a great relevance to interpret the mechanisms proposed in the literature for the treatment of organic wastes by conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation.

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Review of Environmental and Human Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants

Cited by 40 publications

References 108 publications

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Environment, occupation and cancer

European Code against Cancer 4th Edition: Environment, occupation and cancer

Scale-up of electrolytic and photoelectrolytic processes for water reclaiming: a preliminary study

What happens to inorganic nitrogen species during conductive diamond electrochemical oxidation of real wastewater?

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