Review of Flowering Control in Industrial Hemp

Hall, J. A.; Bhattarai, Surya P.; Midmore, David J.

doi:10.1080/15440478.2012.651848

Cited by 62 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Treatment with masculinizing or feminizing chemical agents leads to the formation of reproductive organs for the opposite sex. In addition, silver thiosulfate (inhibitor of ethylene) is commonly used in the marijuana industry to produce male flowers on genetically female plants (Hall et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars reveals its karyotype variations and sex chromosomes constitution

et al. 2015

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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L., 2n = 20) is a dioecious plant. Sex expression is controlled by an X-to-autosome balance system consisting of the heteromorphic sex chromosomes XY for males and XX for females. Genetically monoecious hemp offers several agronomic advantages compared to the dioecious cultivars that are widely used in hemp cultivation. The male or female origin of monoecious maternal plants is unknown. Additionally, the sex chromosome composition of monoecious hemp forms remains unknown. In this study, we examine the sex chromosome makeup in monoecious hemp using a cytogenetic approach. Eight monoecious and two dioecious cultivars were used. The DNA of 210 monoecious plants was used for PCR analysis with the male-associated markers MADC2 and SCAR323. All monoecious plants showed female amplification patterns. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the subtelomeric CS-1 probe to chromosomes plates and karyotyping revealed a lack of Y chromosome and presence of XX sex chromosomes in monoecious cultivars with the chromosome number 2n = 20. There was a high level of intra- and intercultivar karyotype variation detected. The results of this study can be used for further analysis of the genetic basis of sex expression in plants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars reveals its karyotype variations and sex chromosomes constitution

et al. 2015

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“…The vegetative growth period is characterized by biomass production, after which this behavior shifts toward fiber maturation (secondary fiber formation and lignification) and plant reproduction during flowering development (Van Der Werf and Turunen, 2008;Liu et al, 2015). At northern latitudes, the shift from long-day toward short-day photoperiod regimes occurs later and therefore the critical photoperiod for flowering (~14-16 h) is reached later in the growing season of hemp (Struik et al, 2000;Hall et al, 2012). As a result, the cultivation of hemp focused on the production of fibers may be better in northern latitudes, while the cultivation of hemp for seeds or dual purpose seed/fiber in southern latitudes may be more adapted to the environment .…”

Section: Fiber Quality Traits Are Extensively Diverse and Heritable Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variability of Morphological, Flowering, and Biomass Quality Traits in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

et al. 2020

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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a bast-fiber crop well-known for the great potential to produce sustainable fibers. Nevertheless, hemp fiber quality is a complex trait, and little is known about the phenotypic variability and heritability of fiber quality traits in hemp. The aim of this study is to gain insights into the variability in fiber quality within the hemp germplasm and to estimate the genetic components, environmental components, and genotype-by-environment (G×E) interactions on fiber quality traits in hemp. To investigate these parameters, a panel of 123 hemp accessions was phenotyped for 28 traits relevant to fiber quality at three locations in Europe, corresponding to climates of northern, central, and southern Europe. In general, hemp cultivated in northern latitudes showed a larger plant vigor while earlier flowering was characteristic of plants cultivated in southern latitudes. Extensive variability between accessions was observed for all traits. Most cell wall components (contents of monosaccharides derived from cellulose and hemicellulose; and lignin content), bast fiber content, and flowering traits revealed large genetic components with low G×E interactions and high broad-sense heritability values, making these traits suitable to maximize the genetic gains of fiber quality. In contrast, contents of pectin-related monosaccharides, most agronomic traits, and several fiber traits (fineness and decortication efficiency) showed low genetic components with large G×E interactions affecting the rankings across locations. These results suggest that pectin, agronomic traits, and fiber traits are unsuitable targets in breeding programs of hemp, as their large G×E interactions might lead to unexpected phenotypes in untested locations. Furthermore, all environmental effects on the 28 traits were statistically significant, suggesting a strong adaptive behavior of fiber quality in hemp to specific environments. The high variability in fiber quality observed in the hemp panel, the broad range in heritability, and adaptability among all traits prescribe positive prospects for the development of new hemp cultivars of excellent fiber quality.

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“…The timing during which sowing takes place has been identified to influence the gender of the plants, with C. sativa crops sown earlier in the season having a higher proportion of masculine plants than those sown later in the season (Faux et al, 2013). Gender can also be influenced chemically, as increased levels of gibberellic acid enhances the number of masculine plants, while higher levels of abscisic acid, auxin and/or cytokinins promotes femininity (Hall et al, 2012). These factors can have important implications on final yields of fibre or grain, with male plants usually producing higher quality stems for fibre production and female plants producing higher volumes of grain .…”

Section: Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flowering is triggered when daily hours of daylight and darkness become similar in length, this being usually around 14 hours of daylight or less (Cosentino et al, 2012;Hall et al, 2013;Hall et al 2014a). While monoecious varieties of C. sativa are now widely available, it is traditionally a dioecious plant, with individuals producing either female (pistilate) or male (staminate) flowers (Doorenbos et al, 1971;Rana and Chaoudhary, 2010;Cosentino et al, 2012;Hall et al, 2012). Pollination occurs via wind, and to promote cross-pollination staminate flowers open and release their pollen approximately half an hour prior to the pistilate flowers, when they then become receptive to pollination (Rana and Chaoudhary, 2010).…”

Section: Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, despite this crop being low maintenance, its fibre and grain yields are highly dependent on environmental cues, and as a consequence, the initial task of finding the optimal cultivar for a particular environment can take a considerable amount of time and effort. Nevertheless, this step is critical for obtaining economically viable crop yields and for maximising agricultural investments (Hall et al, 2012;Hall et al, 2014a). Because of this sensitivity to its growing milieu, considerable research is required for identifying and developing cultivars that are suitable for dual-purpose production in order to meet the economic demands of the C. sativa industry (Bertoli et al, 2010;Tang et al, 2017), and currently, such work is being widely undertaken throughout Europe (Multihemp, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultivation of low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis sativa L. cultivation in Victoria, Australia: Do we know enough?

Humphries

Florentine

2019

Aust J Crop Sci

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Late 2017, the ban on the cultivation and consumption of low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis sativa L. in Victoria, was lifted by the Federal Government of Australia. Its legalization presents the opportunity for Victoria to become a leading producer and distributer of these economically valuable hemp products. However, as a novel crop to Victoria, there is little information available for obtaining economically viable yields. Therefore, the objectives of this review were to firstly, develop an understanding of the environmental requirements shared by C. sativa cultivars, and what conditions promote fibre and grain yields. Secondly, it seeks to identify what farming practices have been conducted throughout Europe, Canada and China, and to explore whether these practices could be adapted to Victoria. Thirdly, the review will assist in making recommendations regarding which cultivars would be 'potential' candidates for commencing trials under Victorian climates so to find out the varieties that can provide high yields for fibre, grain and dual-purpose production. This review notes that Victoria shares a similar climate to central Europe, and has an ideal climate for the development of a successful hemp industry, as it has suitable lengths of daylight throughout spring and summer months and meets the precipitation requirements. This review has thus strongly suggested that the properties and attributes of European varieties of C. sativa should be further researched for site-specific cultivation in Victoria for fibre, grain and dual-purpose production in order to maximise harvest yields.

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Review of Flowering Control in Industrial Hemp

Cited by 62 publications

References 33 publications

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars reveals its karyotype variations and sex chromosomes constitution

Molecular cytogenetic analysis of monoecious hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars reveals its karyotype variations and sex chromosomes constitution

Genetic Variability of Morphological, Flowering, and Biomass Quality Traits in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Cultivation of low tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis sativa L. cultivation in Victoria, Australia: Do we know enough?

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