Review of In vitro Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Nanorods: Part 1

Abstract

The specific use of engineered nanostructures in biomedical applications has become very attractive, due to their ability to interface and target specific cells and tissues to execute their functions. Additionally, there is continuous progress in research on new nanostructures with unique optical, magnetic, catalytic, and electrochemical properties that can be exploited for therapeutic or diagnostic methods. On the other hand, as nanostructures become widely used in many different applications, the unspecific exposure of humans to them is also unavoidable. Therefore, studying and understanding the toxicity of such materials is of increasing importance. Previously published reviews regarding the toxicological effects of nanostructures focuses mostly on the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and their internalization, activated signaling pathways, and cellular response. Here, the most recent studies on the in vitro cytotoxicity of NPs, nanowires, and nanorods for biomedical applications are reviewed and divided into two parts. The first part considers nonmagnetic metallic and magnetic nanostructures. While part 2 covers carbon structures and semiconductors. The factors influencing the toxicity of these nanostructures are elaborated, to help elucidating the effects of these nanomaterials on cells, which is a prerequisite for their save clinical use.

Functionalization of Magnetic Nanowires for Active Targeting and Enhanced Cell-Killing Efficacy

“…In recent years, nanomedicine has attracted increasing attention in cancer treatment research, due to its potential for significant cost savings and pain reduction compared to traditional therapies . Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are important nanomaterials, and due to their magnetic properties and biocompatibility, they have been widely used for cell separation, cell guidance, drug delivery, , and hyperthermia; , in biosensors; and as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). , Iron-based materials are preferred due to their ease of fabrication and coating, magnetic properties, and ability to absorb an 808 nm laser and convert it into heat . In addition, it is an approved material for clinical use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), making it attractive for biological applications.…”