Review of Insecticide Resistance and Its Underlying Mechanisms inTribolium castaneum

Abstract

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum has emerged as the genetically tractable model insect for population genetics, functional genomics, and evolutionary studies. This agricultural pest is notorious for its potential to severely damage stored products. T. castaneum has developed resistance to almost all insecticides. The reports of insecticide resistance from different parts of the world show that sustained insecticide usage has only aggravated the problem. As insecticides continue to be the mainstay of pest control programs, it is essential to identify the factors influencing insecticide resistance for implementing effective pest-management strategies. The development and progression of insecticide resistance in T. castaneum is thus an escalating global issue requiring immediate solutions. Several studies have investigated the multiple resistance mechanisms found in T. castaneum, such as reduced cuticular penetration, increased metabolic detoxification, and target-site insensitivity. The availability of Whole Genome Sequence and recent advances in Next Generation Sequencing technology has furthered a geneticist’s grasp of resistance study in Tribolium. The strategic containment of this organism calls for an in-depth understanding of resistance development. The review mainly focuses on different kinds of resistance mechanisms and genes mediating insecticide resistance. Also, it exhaustively explores the CYP450 gene superfamily in Tribolium to emphasize its role in governing resistance. The consolidated insights from this study will facilitate further research on identifying biological targets, thereby developing novel control strategies for effective insect control.

Multiple Pesticide Resistance in Rust-Red Fluor Beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Herbst 1797) from Northern Nigeria is Probably Driven by Metabolic Mechanisms

“…The control of this pest rely heavily on the use of chemical insecticides/pesticides [13] and several classes of insecticides are used, including pyrethroids, organophosphates, organochlorides, carbamates and abamectin [14,15]. However, continuous application of the pesticides in the field and in storage facilities has accelerated the development of resistance in this agricultural pest to diverse insecticides from several classes [16], threatening the success of pesticide-based control measures [14,17]. For example, multiple resistance towards three different classes of insecticides (deltamethrin, abamectin and chlorpyrifos) have been reported in the Iranian population of the red flour beetle [13].…”

Multiple Pesticide Resistance in Rust-Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Herbst 1797) from Northern Nigeria Is Probably Driven by Metabolic Mechanisms

“…The control of this pest relies heavily on the use of chemical insecticides/pesticides [13] and several classes of insecticides are used, including pyrethroids, organophosphates, organochlorides, carbamates and abamectin [14,15]. However, the continuous application of pesticides in the field and granaries has accelerated the development of resistance in this agricultural pest to diverse insecticides from several classes [16], threatening the success of pesticide-based control measures [14,17]. For example, multiple resistance towards three different classes of insecticides (deltamethrin, abamectin and chlorpyrifos) has been reported in the Iranian population of the red flour beetle [13].…”

The Potential of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi and Enhanced Diatomaceous Earth Mixed with Abamectin: A Comprehensive Study on Mortality, Progeny Production, Application Method, and Surface Application against Tribolium castaneum

“…In contrast, developed countries experience storage losses of about 9% [ 6 ]. Containing over 250,000 described species, Coleoptera is the largest order of insects [ 7 ], which includes 600 notorious stored grain species, causing substantial grain loss [ 8 ].…”

“…However, the excessive use of several insecticides has led to the development of the resistance of stored-product pests, undermining the effectiveness of management [ 10 , 29 , 30 ]. It has been documented that T. castaneum has acquired resistance to several commonly used insecticides, namely, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, pirimiphos-methyl, and malathion [ 7 , 31 ]. Consequently, it is imperative to employ appropriate safety management strategies to control the propagation of T. castaneum and effectively manage its infestation.…”

“…The larval stage of T. castaneum is the most destructive, as it feeds on the endosperm of seeds [17]. Feeding, molting, and excretions of T. castaneum decrease the weight, nutritional value, and quality of grains [7,10]. Aside from direct damage to the grains, the release of benzoquinone-derived substances from the abdominal glands of T. castaneum further degrades the quality of stored products [18], which become adulterated, with a pungent odor [19,20].…”