Review of measurement quality metrics for range imaging

MacKinnon, David K.; Aitken, V.C.; Blais, François

doi:10.1117/1.2955245

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Mixed pixels can be removed as outliers by geometric shape fitting or the use of median filters (Langer et al, 2000). More generally, the distance measurement uncertainty increases with increasing distance (MacKinnon et al, 2008). Small influences of the angle of incidence on distance measurement uncertainty have been reported by Chiabrando et al (2010a), and Kahlmann and Ingensand (2005).…”

Section: Environmental Sources Of Errormentioning

confidence: 94%

“…More generally, the distance measurement uncertainty increases with increasing distance (MacKinnon et al ., ). Small influences of the angle of incidence on distance measurement uncertainty have been reported by Chiabrando et al .…”

Section: Sources Of Measurement Errors In Time‐of‐flight Range Camerasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gonzalez and Woods, 2002;Solomon and Breckon, 2011) might yield better results and should be investigated further. The intensity images, for example, can be used as a quality attribute of the range measurements, since higher signal intensities are proportional to measurement accuracy (MacKinnon et al, 2008). They can be used to detect edges and discontinuities when applying smoothing filters (Reynolds et al, 2011).…”

Section: Post-processing and Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Range imaging: a new method for high‐resolution topographic measurements in small‐ and medium‐scale field sites

Nitsche

Turowski

Badoux

et al. 2012

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Topographic measurements are essential for the study of earth surface processes. Three‐dimensional data have been conventionally obtained through terrestrial laser scanning or photogrammetric methods. However, particularly in steep and rough terrain, high‐resolution field measurements remain challenging and often require new creative approaches. In this paper, range imaging is evaluated as an alternative method for obtaining surface data in such complex environments. Range imaging is an emerging time‐of‐flight technology, using phase shift measurements on a multi‐pixel sensor to generate a distance image of a surface. Its suitability for field measurements has yet not been tested. We found ambient light and surface reflectivity to be the main factors affecting error in distance measurements. Low‐reflectivity surfaces and strong illumination contrasts under direct exposure to sunlight lead to noisy distance measurements. However, regardless of lighting conditions, the accuracy of range imaging was markedly improved by averaging multiple images of the same scene. For medium ambient lighting (shade) and a light‐coloured surface the measurement uncertainty was approximately 9 mm. To further test the suitability of range imaging for field applications we measured a reach of a steep mountain stream with a horizontal resolution of approximately 1 cm (in the focal plane of the camera), allowing for the interpolation of a digital elevation model on a 2 cm grid. Comparison with an elevation model obtained from terrestrial laser scanning for the same site revealed that both models show similar degrees of topographic detail. Despite limitations in measurement range and accuracy, particularly at bright ambient lighting, range imaging offers three‐dimensional data in real time and video mode without the need of post‐processing. Therefore, range imaging is a useful complement or alternative to existing methods for high‐resolution measurements in small‐ to medium‐scale field sites. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Environmental Sources Of Errormentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Sources Of Measurement Errors In Time‐of‐flight Range Camerasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Post-processing and Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Range imaging: a new method for high‐resolution topographic measurements in small‐ and medium‐scale field sites

Nitsche

Turowski

Badoux

et al. 2012

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…26 Beam procession tends not to affect ToF scanners because the pulse times are so short, but both triangulation-based and continuous wave (AM and FM) scanners can be affected by beam procession. 27 In this paper, the visible beam footprint after beam procession has been taken into account is referred to as the effective visible beam footprint (EVBF) to distinguish it from the more common instantaneous visible beam footprint. Further, an EVBF is referred to as being truncated when only part of the optical energy from the laser beam is reflected by the surface at sufficient intensity to be detected by the optical sensor.…”

Section: Spatial Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating laser range scanner lateral resolution in 3D metrology

MacKinnon

Beraldin

Cournoyer

et al. 2009

Three-Dimensional Imaging Metrology

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In this study, laser range scanner lateral resolution is investigated for laser range scanners. A standardized method is proposed and demonstrated for quantifying the lateral surface resolvability of a laser range scanner through the use of an appropriately-designed artefact. A new metric for lateral surface resolution, the limit of surface resolvability, is presented and is obtained using what is referred to as the wedge test. The results of applying this metrics using this test method to laser range scanners is also presented.

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“…A series of new quality metrics are presented in this work to address these issues, as well as some that were not identified in Ref. 1: surface planarity and the effect of data processing on measurement quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%