Review of mesospheric temperature trends

Beig, Gufran; Keckhut, Philippe; Lowe, R. P.; Roble, R. G.; Mlynczak, Martin G.; Scheer, J.; Fomichev, V. I.; Offermann, D.; French, John; Shepherd, M. G.; Semenov, A. I.; Remsberg, Ellis E.; She, C. Y.; Lübken, Franz‐Josef; Bremer, J.; Clemesha, B. R.; Stegman, J.; Sigernes, F.; Fadnavis, Suvarna

doi:10.1029/2002rg000121

Cited by 240 publications

(323 citation statements)

References 184 publications

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“…[19] The increase in greenhouse gas concentrations also produces long-term variation in the E-region temperature [Aikin et al, 1991;Akmaev and Fomichev, 1998;Beig et al, 2003;Lastovicka et al, 2006a] and diurnal tidal amplitude [Bremer et al, 1997;Baumgaertner et al, 2005]. Temperature trends may affect Sq through the collision frequency and tidal amplitude trends through the V × B term in J.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the solar quiet geomagnetic field variation linked to the Earth's magnetic field secular variation and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases

2010

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Long‐term trends in solar quiet geomagnetic field variation (Sq) are studied in connection to the Earth's magnetic field secular variations and increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Sq is mainly caused by ionospheric current systems that flow in the E region and depends, among other variables, on the ionospheric conductivities. These conductivities in turn depend on the Earth's main magnetic field (B) and the electron concentration in the E region, for which foE is a measure of its peak value. Since B shows secular variation, induced long‐term changes in Sq might be expected. Another possible mechanism that would be able to induce Sq trends is the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases that produce a cooling effect in the upper atmosphere and, according to model predictions and experimental results, an increasing trend in foE. To detect if both mechanisms mentioned are able to induce trends in Sq, the Sq variation of the horizontal intensity (H) of three magnetic observatories (Apia, Fredericksburg, and Hermanus), for which B is decreasing, is analyzed for the period 1960–2001. We find significant increasing trends (6.6%, 5.4%, and 9.9%, respectively) which may be partially accounted for by B secular variations in the respective sites. The Sq trend expected from the theoretically predicted foE increase is low (∼0.5%), although positive, as is the observed trend.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in the solar quiet geomagnetic field variation linked to the Earth's magnetic field secular variation and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases

2010

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“…von Savigny et al, 2004); (b) the extensive latitude coverage of both ACE-FTS and SABER makes them a potentially very valuable resource as a transfer standard for inter-comparison of temperatures obtained by different techniques and from observation stations at different locations; (c) the annual average temperature of the atmosphere in the region of the mesopause has changed very little over the past decade (e.g. Beig et al, 2003); (d) the averaged altitude of emission of the OH Meinel bands has been found to be remarkably consistent (87 km in altitude and a width at half intensity of 8-10 km) (e.g. She and Lowe, 1998;Oberheide et al, 2006) since the seminal report on the topic by Baker and Stair in 1988; (e) the quality and volume of data available in the datasets is sufficient for a useful statistical comparison; (f) similar efforts are currently underway for the results from other ground-based instruments (Oberheide et al, 2006;López-González et al, 2007); (g) temperatures derived from OH emissions are beginning to be used in the study of long term change in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (Bittner et al, 2002;Sigernes et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

OH-equivalent temperatures derived from ACE-FTS and SABER temperature profiles – a comparison with OH*(3-1) temperatures from Maynooth (53.2° N, 6.4° W)

Mulligan

Lowe

2008

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. OH-equivalent temperatures were derived from all of the temperature profiles retrieved in 2004 and 2005 by the ACE-FTS instrument in a 5 degree band of latitude centred on a ground-based observing station at Maynooth. A globally averaged OH volume emission rate (VER) profile obtained from WINDII data was employed as a weighting function to compute the equivalent temperatures. The annual cycle of temperature thus produced was compared with the annual cycle of temperatures recorded at the ground-based station more than a decade earlier from the OH*(3-1) Meinel band. Both data sets showed excellent agreement in the absolute value of the temperature minimum (∼162 K) and in its time of occurrence in the annual cycle at summer solstice. Away from mid-summer, however, the temperatures diverged and reach a maximum disagreement of more than 20 K in mid-winter. Comparison of the Maynooth ground-based data with the corresponding results from two nearby stations in the same time-period indicated that the Maynooth data are consistent with other ground stations. The temperature difference between the satellite and ground-based datasets in winter was reduced to 14-15 K by lowering the peak altitude of the weighting function to 84 km. An unrealistically low peak altitude would be required, however, to bring temperatures derived from the satellite into agreement with the ground-based data.OH equivalent temperatures derived from the SABER instrument using the same weighting function produced results that agreed well with ACE-FTS. When the OH 1.6 µm VER profile measured by SABER was used as the weighting function, the OH equivalent temperatures increased in winter as expected but the summer temperatures were reduced resulting in an approximately constant offset of 8.6±0.8 K Correspondence to: F. J. Mulligan (frank.mulligan@nuim.ie) between ground and satellite values with the ground values higher. Variability in both the altitude and width of the OH layer within a discernable seasonal variation were responsible for the changes introduced. The higher temperatures in winter were due to primarily to the lower altitude of the OH layer, while the colder summer temperatures were due to a thinner summer OH layer. We are not aware of previous reports of the effect of the layer width on ground-based temperatures.Comparison of OH-equivalent temperatures derived from ACE-FTS and SABER temperature profiles with OH*(3-1) temperatures from Wuppertal at 51.3 • N which were measured during the same period showed a similar pattern to the Maynooth data from a decade earlier, but the warm offset of the ground values was lower at 4.5±0.5 K. This discrepancy between temperatures derived from ground-based instruments recording hydroxyl spectra and satellite borne instruments has been observed by other observers. Further work will be required by both the satellite and ground-based communities to identify the exact cause of this difference.

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“…Model studies of the climate change induced by increasing CO 2 have traditionally considered only the effect of the 15 mm band (see review by Beig et al [2003]). With the CO 2 concentration increased, the cooling rate provided by this band also increases and results in cooling of the middle atmosphere.…”

Section: Model Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar heating by the near‐IR CO₂ bands in the mesosphere

Fomichev

Ogibalov

Beagley

2004

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Absorption of solar energy by the near-infrared (NIR) CO 2 bands provides an important source of heating in the mesosphere. At 60 -85 km, this source exceeds 1 K day À1 and contributes up to 30% of the total solar heating. Calculation of the solar heating in the NIR CO 2 bands requires consideration of complex non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) processes. The small energy effect, narrow region of importance, and the necessity to consider non-LTE effects, have accounted for the absence of an adequate parameterization for the NIR CO 2 bands. Recently a parameterization has been developed and implemented into the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model. Numerical experiments with this model have shown that inclusion of the NIR CO 2 heating results in a significant warming of up to 8 K in the mesosphere for the current CO 2 amount but does not significantly change the model thermal response induced by the doubling of CO 2 .

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Review of mesospheric temperature trends

Cited by 240 publications

References 184 publications

Trends in the solar quiet geomagnetic field variation linked to the Earth's magnetic field secular variation and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases

Trends in the solar quiet geomagnetic field variation linked to the Earth's magnetic field secular variation and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases

OH-equivalent temperatures derived from ACE-FTS and SABER temperature profiles – a comparison with OH*(3-1) temperatures from Maynooth (53.2° N, 6.4° W)

Solar heating by the near‐IR CO₂ bands in the mesosphere

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Review of mesospheric temperature trends

Cited by 240 publications

References 184 publications

Trends in the solar quiet geomagnetic field variation linked to the Earth's magnetic field secular variation and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases

Trends in the solar quiet geomagnetic field variation linked to the Earth's magnetic field secular variation and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases

OH-equivalent temperatures derived from ACE-FTS and SABER temperature profiles – a comparison with OH*(3-1) temperatures from Maynooth (53.2° N, 6.4° W)

Solar heating by the near‐IR CO2 bands in the mesosphere

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Solar heating by the near‐IR CO₂ bands in the mesosphere