Review of Methods for Seismic Strengthening of Masonry Piers and Walls

Hafner, Ivan; Kišiček, Tomislav; Gams, Matija

doi:10.3390/buildings13061524

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…In the case of minor damage, the usual methods of strengthening are grouting, mortar replacement (repointing) with the insertion of reinforcing bars, and removal and rebuilding of the damaged part of the wall. In the case of major damage, strengthening methods that include the use of concrete jacketing (shotcrete), fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM), the insertion of steel ties and the installation of reinforced concrete confining elements are used [60]. Strengthening also includes the stiffening of a flexible timber floor structure by connecting existing beams with timber panels, diagonal steel bracing or the use of a reinforced concrete slab.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Existing Masonry Resistance Using Partial Factors Approaches and Field Measurements

Lulić,

Lukačević,

Skejić

et al. 2023

Buildings

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The vast majority of existing structures in Croatia, as well as in other European countries, are made of unreinforced masonry. The seemingly ideal building material presents a great challenge for engineers in earthquake-prone zones. Given that structural failure can have significant consequences in terms of loss of human lives as well as financial losses, a comprehensive structural reliability assessment is needed. Old existing masonry structures often do not have design documentation, and even when they do, the initial mechanical properties have almost certainly degraded over time. That is why in situ testing is of great importance, but masonry is also characterized by a large scattering of results. After recent severe earthquakes in Croatia, more than ever, there is a need for a more reliable assessment of existing masonry structures. This paper presents reliability approaches for resistance evaluation of existing masonry in a real case study where basic failure modes of the masonry were observed. First, the data recommended in standards were used, followed by the updated data obtained from the flat-jack test. Finally, the design value method (DVM) and the adjusted partial factor method (APFM) were used. These methods align with Eurocode standards for new structures but are also adaptable for the assessment of existing structures. Differences in the results between the existing and the new version of the standard were observed, as well as an increase in the obtained resistances with an increase in the complexity of the methods used. Also, the influence of in situ testing proved to be an important factor in the analysis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Existing Masonry Resistance Using Partial Factors Approaches and Field Measurements

Lulić,

Lukačević,

Skejić

et al. 2023

Buildings

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“…Diagonal shear failure is another common failure mode, which occurs when the tensile strength of the masonry is exceeded along the main tensile direction, leading to diagonal cracks through units or mortar joints. Sliding shear failure is less common but can occur under certain conditions, such as low compressive stress and high horizontal force, causing damage along a horizontal mortar joint [4]. Non-reversible structural interventions for seismic retrofitting [5][6][7] of reinforced concrete [8][9][10][11][12] are extensively investigated without considering the carbon footprint of these interventions [4,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sliding shear failure is less common but can occur under certain conditions, such as low compressive stress and high horizontal force, causing damage along a horizontal mortar joint [4]. Non-reversible structural interventions for seismic retrofitting [5][6][7] of reinforced concrete [8][9][10][11][12] are extensively investigated without considering the carbon footprint of these interventions [4,13]. The importance of this topic goes beyond academic study; it has direct implications for building safety and resilience in earthquake-prone areas, with risk assessment methods proposed by different researchers [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison Regarding the Carbon Footprint of Various Sustainable Seismic Consolidation Solutions for Romanian Orthodox Churches

Gosta,

Fofiu,

Kirizsan

2024

Sustainability

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In Romania, there are numerous Orthodox churches, many of which are historical monuments of great cultural value that have suffered multiple degradations over time due to various natural or man-made reasons. In a context that is currently increasingly focused on environmental protection, we aim to analyse the carbon footprint of several different consolidation proposals to an Orthodox church with structural deteriorations (and more) and the equivalent impact if a similar building were erected with new materials. The research is proposed to be a stepping stone for determining the sustainability of interventions for orthodox churches, as the existing literature is scarce when it comes to the emissions of these churches and there is no norm to prevent unsustainable interventions. The Orthodox Church “Sfintii Voievozi”, the subject of the analysis, is in the city of Tg. Jiu, Gorj County. The construction was documented to be between 1748 and 1764 and is a historical monument listed in the LMI GJ-II-m-A-09189 registry. The architectural solutions for the church and the structural elements that comprise the load-bearing system are presented. A detailed investigation was conducted to determine structural and non-structural degradations, specifying the main causes that have produced them. With regard to consolidation solutions, two options are presented and compared in this paper: Alternative I—minimal intervention and Alternative II—maximal intervention, both of which are reversible. The carbon footprint calculation was carried out for both options, determining the associated material consumption, and compared to the carbon footprint for the case of a new construction. In conclusion, the consolidation methods with a minimal degree of intervention is recommended as the “most environmentally friendly”, considering carbon emissions when comparing the options.

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Bond strength of alkali-activated flyash based masonry system for sustainable construction

Kumble,

Prashant,

Achar

2023

SN Appl. Sci.

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Bond strength is a crucial factor that impacts the performance, structural reliability and stability of masonry constructions. This paper aims to examine the efficacy of various masonry unit and mortar combinations and their bond strength thereby, evaluating their adhesion performance. It experimentally analyzes two masonry unit types paired with two mortar combinations. One is the traditional clay brick and the other is an alkali activated flyash based brick. Alkali activated flyash bricks and mortars use flyash as a sole binder, activated with popular alkalis, thereby reducing carbon footprints compared to cement manufacturing. Two types of mortar used are conventional cement mortar and alkali activated flyash mortar. Bonded prisms were tested to determine the compressive, tensile, shear, and flexural bond strengths. The results revealed significant variations in bond strength across different combinations of masonry units and mortar. Notably, it was observed that alkali-activated bricks bonded with alkali-activated mortar exhibited higher bond strength, compared to conventional cement mortar. These findings provide valuable insights in assessing the compatibility between masonry units and mortar, highlighting the potential of this technology for sustainable construction practices.

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Review of Methods for Seismic Strengthening of Masonry Piers and Walls

Cited by 6 publications

References 67 publications

Assessment of Existing Masonry Resistance Using Partial Factors Approaches and Field Measurements

Assessment of Existing Masonry Resistance Using Partial Factors Approaches and Field Measurements

Comparison Regarding the Carbon Footprint of Various Sustainable Seismic Consolidation Solutions for Romanian Orthodox Churches

Bond strength of alkali-activated flyash based masonry system for sustainable construction

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