Herein, the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite membranes blended with pineapple leaf nanocrystalline cellulose (PLNC) and g-C 3 N 4 for ultrafiltration were designed and fabricated via surface segregation during non-solvent induced phase separation. The incorporation of PLNC and g-C 3 N 4 endows the PVDF composite membrane with a higher porosity, enhancing the pure water flux of PVDF/g-C 3 N 4 /PLNC membrane by 256.75% compared to the PVDF membrane, while maintaining a higher water flux recoveries of 82.1%. Moreover, surface chemical compositions, surface and cross-section morphologies, degree of crystallinity were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The mechanical properties of the PVDF composite membranes were also investigated. All the above experimental data showed that the addition of PLNC and g-C 3 N 4 can greatly improve the performance of the PVDF membrane. The prepared modified membrane has potential application value in the field of wastewater separation and treatment.
membranes, morphology, porous materialsRecently, the world is facing environmental problems of water shortage and severe water pollution. 1,2 In this case, membrane separation (microfiltration, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmosis membranes), as a