Review of Oxygenation with Nanobubbles: Possible Treatment for Hypoxic COVID-19 Patients

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has spread around the world, caused the death of many affected patients, partly because of the lack of oxygen arising from impaired respiration or blood circulation. Thus, maintaining an appropriate level of oxygen in the patients’ blood by devising alternatives to ventilator systems is a top priority goal for clinicians. The present review highlights the ever-increasing application of nanobubbles (NBs), miniature gaseous vesicles, for the oxygenation of hypoxic patients. Oxygen-containing NBs can exert a range of beneficial physiologic and pharmacologic effects that include tissue oxygenation, as well as tissue repair mechanisms, antiinflammatory properties, and antibacterial activity. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey of the application of oxygen-containing NBs, with a primary focus on the development of intravenous platforms. The multimodal functions of oxygen-carrying NBs, including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, drug carrying, and the promotion of wound healing are discussed, including the benefits and challenges of using NBs as a treatment for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, particularly due to COVID-19.

The potential role of ischaemia–reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications

“…To this end, hyperbaric oxygen therapy [ 1006–1008 ] has been recommended, and in some cases found useful in rheumatoid arthritis [ 1009–1011 ], acute [ 1012 , 1013 ] and Long COVID [ 1006 , 1014 ]. An alternative involves O 2 nanobubbles [ 1015 ].…”

Nanostructures for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2: A Review

“…166 In this respect, nanobubbles (NBs), spherical stable gas-containing vesicles suspended in an aqueous solution, are an excellent nanocarrier platform for medical aid and efficient site-specific delivery of gas molecules and drugs. 167 The nanobubbles have unique features such as nanoscopic sizes, high surface-to-volume ratio, high internal pressure, long-term stability, surface charge properties, and are not agglomerated or deflated before reaching the target area. With their biocompatibility and noninvasive nature, nanobubbles are very promising nanomedicine platforms for COVID-19 treatment and next-generation biomedical applications.…”

Metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles from plant, animal, and fisheries wastes: potential and valorization for application in agriculture

“…They have reported that reduced graphene oxide contents could provide synergistic effects by harvesting some respiratory electrons from the bacteria and transferring them into the O 2 nanobubbles, which leads to the formation of nanoscale-ROS. COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were treated with O 2 -containing nanobubbles because of their multimodal functions including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, drug-carrying capacity, and the promotion of wound healing (Afshari et al 2021 ). Inducing the viable but non-culturable state of pathogens (VBNC): VBNC is a unique state, which is a survival strategy for a number of bacteria under stressed and harsh environmental conditions.…”