Review of particle properties

Lasinski, T. A.; Chen, Chih Yung; Barash‐Schmidt, Naomi; Price, LeRoy R.; Söding, P.; Bricman, C.; Rittenberg, A.; Barbaro‐Galtieri, A.; Rosenfeld, Arthur H.; Roos, M.; Wohl, C.G.

doi:10.1016/0370-2693(70)90211-x

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the capillary state, with the liquid lling the interstices and particle surfaces not fully wetted, the liquid assumes a continuous phase. Under these conditions, the liquid pressure in the particle voids falls below the gas pressure, leading to liquid surface concavity [44]. In this state, the absence of capillary forces within the wet granular system means that lubrication effects dominate, decreasing the agglomerates' shear strength.…”

Section: Effective Friction Coe Cientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation of the effect of interstitial liquid on the shear characteristics of geotechnical granular materials

Hu,

Yang,

Niu

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Interstitial liquid between particles is a significant factor affecting the shear characteristics of geotechnical granular materials. To further investigate this issue, this study systematically conducted ring shear tests on quartz sand of different saturations and particle sizes to study the effects of interstitial fluid on the effective friction coefficient, system fluctuations, volume strain, and particle breakage. It was found that the impact of saturation on the shear characteristics of quartz sand has a strong correlation with particle size. The effective friction coefficient of coarse sand shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing saturation. In contrast, the effective friction coefficient and system fluctuations of medium and fine sands are not sensitive to changes in saturation. The volume strain changes of quartz sand during shearing can be divided into three stages, with the trend in each stage significantly affected by saturation and particle size. The absolute crushing rate of coarse sand gradually decreases with increasing saturation. The smaller the particle size, the lower the likelihood of breakage. The impact of saturation on the absolute breakage rate of finer particles is not significant. Based on the results analysis, the interstitial liquid has an undeniable effect on the shear characteristics of geotechnical granular materials. The findings provide a scientific basis for further understanding the dynamic mechanisms behind the shear deformation and failure-induced disasters of geotechnical granular materials.

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Section: Effective Friction Coe Cientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation of the effect of interstitial liquid on the shear characteristics of geotechnical granular materials

Hu,

Yang,

Niu

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…To analyze the images we used a software program called Suicidetails 2 (written by Frank Chambers and Brett Raymond). Earlier work by Art Paul 3 on the analysis of pepper-pot measurements on the FXR and ETA machines was useful in writing the code.…”

Section: Diame Ter Hole 5 MMmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the January 2006 Pepper-Pot Experiments

Westenskow¹,

Chambers²,

Bieniosek³

et al. 2006

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a series of experiments were performed on the DARHT-II injector to measure the beam's emittance. Part of these experiments were pepper-pot measurements. This note describes the analysis of the data, and our conclusions from the experiments.The experiments were done just after the BCUZ section (see Figure 1). Figure 2 shows the layout near the pepper-pot hardware. We used a beam energy of 2.6 MeV in the calculations based on diode voltage measurements. Subsequent energy spectrometer measurements indicated a beam energy of 2.45 MeV. This discrepancy (8%) impacts directly the numbers reported below for the normalized emittance. There were two square masks used in the experiment. One had 9 x 9 holes. The second mask had 13 x 13 holes. All the data in this report is from experiments with the second mask. The separation between holes was 5 mm. The diameter of the holes was 1 mm. Notice there are locations were holes were not drilled in the mask near the bottom left corner (See Figure 4). The scintillator for the pepper-pot images was 90 cm downstream of the mask. The scintillator was Bicron BC-422. It's light output decay time is 1.6 ns.Figures 3 and 4. Image of the beam taken near the location of the mask, and a drawing of the 13x13 mask. The image in Figure 3 was taken using a quartz plate (Cherenkov radation). From this image it is not certain that the edge of the beam was captured. However, other shots gave confidence that another row would not have shown beamlets. The Bicron Scintillator showed signs of transient darkening (to be discussed later) that produced the dimmer beamlets near the center region. To analyze the images we used a software program called Suicidetails 2 (written by Frank Chambers and Brett Raymond). Earlier work by Art Paul 3 on the analysis of pepper-pot measurements on the FXR and ETA machines was useful in writing the code.The first step in the analysis consist of mapping the beamlet images to holes in the mask. Figure 6 shows the assumed connections to the mask. The pattern displays both beam expansion/contraction and distortion. Figure 6. Mapping the beamlets in the image to holes in the mask. The red dots show the center of the beamlets. The blue dots are from the mask. The lines connecting the red and blue dots suggests the transverse velocity of the beamlets. Let xi be the mask x location of the i th beamlet and v x i be the x velocity of the i th beamlet. The values of x i and v x i can be used to generate a "distortion" emittance number which does not include the thermal spread of the beamlets.The next step is to analyze the spread of the beamlets. Figure 7 shows the width of each beamlet (red lines in the beamlet images). The width used in the program is from a 2D Gaussian fit to the image. Note: The program has 4 variables to fit the data (I 0, I back, σ x , and σ y ). The program is using an I back obtained from the pixels in a box around the center of the beamlet. If the beamlets start to overlap it will cause problems with the analysis. The size of the box can be adjusted. Not...

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“…The long lifetimes of the low-mass threshold states, right from the early days of accelerator particle physics, have exhibited a lifetime grouping, with the groups separated by fairly accurate factors of 1/137. These results were first published in 1970 [9], using an early Particle Data Group compilation [10]. These αspaced lifetime groups contained 13 measured lifetimes (the Σ o , η and η' lifetimes, for example, had not yet been measured), and the calculations for the lifetime table were performed on a Marchand mechanical desk calculator.…”

Section: B the Power Of Reciprocal Quantum Mechanical Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The asymmetric single-electron M b and M f platforms of Eqs. (10) and (11) are not produced directly, but they appear in reaction products and play an important role in the MX systematics. The M b platform mass does not correspond to an observed particle, but when an X quantum is added it becomes the strange flavored K meson, or kaon.…”

Section: B the "α-Leap" ( B B M M ) And ( F F M M ) Boson And Fermion...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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ELECTRON GENERATION OF LEPTONS AND HADRONS WITH CONJUGATE Α-Quantized LIFETIMES AND MASSES

Gregor

2005

Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

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In elementary particle theories the fine structure constant 2 / e c α = serves as the coupling constant for lepton interactions (QED), but is assumed to play no role in hadron interactions (QCD). However, experiments have long indicated an α spacing in the lifetimes of the long-lived threshold-state hadrons, and they also suggest an α-related mass structure. The relevance of α to hadron interactions is an experimental question, independent of theory. In the present paper we first make a detailed analysis of the experimental lifetime data. This analysis demonstrates that out of 156 particles with well-determined lifetimes τ, the 120 short excited-state lifetimes occur in α-spaced groups that cleanly sort out the s, c, b quark flavors. These 36 metastable lifetimes also exhibit a factor-of-three c-to-b "flavor structure" and a pervasive factor-of-two "hyperfine structure". We then trace out an α-defined set of mass quanta that tie together leptons and hadrons. Mass generation occurs via an initial "α-leap" from an electron pair to a "platform state" M, and then subsequent excitations by a dominant quantum X. The low-mass "MX octet" of particles-µ, p, τ, π, η, η', K, φ-is reproduced to an average accuracy of 0.4%, with no adjustable parameters except a small binding energy for hadronic pairs. Without the inclusion of lepton masses, the spectrum of hadron masses is difficult to understand. These reciprocal α-quantized results reinforce the reality of the spin 1/2 u, d, s, c, b quarks, and they also lead to the identification of a closely-related set of spinless mass quanta for the pseudoscalar mesons.

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Review of particle properties

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Experimental investigation of the effect of interstitial liquid on the shear characteristics of geotechnical granular materials

Experimental investigation of the effect of interstitial liquid on the shear characteristics of geotechnical granular materials

Analysis of the January 2006 Pepper-Pot Experiments

ELECTRON GENERATION OF LEPTONS AND HADRONS WITH CONJUGATE Α-Quantized LIFETIMES AND MASSES

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