Review of Prostate Anatomy and Embryology and the Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Aaron, LaTayia; Franco, Omar E.; Hayward, Simon W.

doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2016.04.012

Cited by 147 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disorder of the prostate gland [1]. Clinically evident BPH is a significant health problem mainly for older men, owing to the negative impacts on their quality of life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinically evident BPH is a significant health problem mainly for older men, owing to the negative impacts on their quality of life. BPH is characterized by excessive growth of the prostate, which can compress the urethra and/or grow into the bladder, thus inducing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) [1]. LUTS are usually divided into obstructive and irritative: the former are more common, even if the latter are more troublesome and have a greater impact on the lives of patients [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survivin and NAIP in Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Protective Role of the Association of Serenoa repens, Lycopene and Selenium from the Randomized Clinical Study

Morgia

Micali

Rinaldi

et al. 2017

IJMS

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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment includes the apoptosis machinery modulation through the direct inhibition of caspase cascade. We previously demonstrated that Serenoa repens (Ser) with lycopene (Ly) and selenium (Se) reawakened apoptosis by reducing survivin and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) levels in rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Ser-Se-Ly association on survivin and NAIP expression in BPH patients. Ninety patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to clinical BPH were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to receive placebo (Group BPH + placebo, n = 45) or Ser-Se-Ly association (Group BPH + Ser-Se-Ly; n = 45) for 3 months. At time 0, all patients underwent prostatic biopsies. After 3 months of treatment, they underwent prostatic re-biopsy and specimens were collected for molecular, morphological, and immunohistochemical analysis. After 3 months, survivin and NAIP were significantly decreased, while caspase-3 was significantly increased in BPH patients treated with Ser-Se-Ly when compared with the other group. In BPH patients treated with Ser-Se-Ly for 3 months, the glandular epithelium was formed by a single layer of cuboidal cells. PSA showed high immunoexpression in all BPH patients and a focal positivity in Ser-Se-Ly treated patients after 3 months. Evident prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) immunoexpression was shown in all BPH patients, while no positivity was present after Ser-Se-Ly administration. Ser-Se-Ly proved to be effective in promoting apoptosis in BPH patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survivin and NAIP in Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Protective Role of the Association of Serenoa repens, Lycopene and Selenium from the Randomized Clinical Study

Morgia

Micali

Rinaldi

et al. 2017

IJMS

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“…One of the explanations could [18] be tissue component. Unlike BPH consisting of stromal tissue [6], the liver is glandular tissue, which is relatively easy to ablate and can thus be associated with a lower ablation threshold (i.e., high AR). Furthermore, optical properties of the liver are greatly different from those of prostate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Symptomatic BPH is one of urological diseases that occur to men aged 40 years or older [4,5]. Excessive growth of stromal tissue in the peripheral zone of the prostate causes obstruction of urination, eventually leading to dysuria, nocturia, and frequent urge [4,6]. Other than medications that merely suppress the enlargement of the prostate, a number of surgical treatments have been developed to treat BPH, such as radiofrequency (transurethral resection of the prostate; TURP), laser, microwave, and high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Analysis of Laser-Induced Tissue Ablation: Ex Vivo Liver Testing

Park

Kang

2017

Applied Sciences

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A number of laser parameters are often regulated to enhance ablation efficiency during laser surgery. As one of clinical treatments, laser removal of benign prostate hyperplasia has been well accepted by surgical urologists. However, due to complex interactions of the surgical parameters, the procedure is still lengthy and dependent upon the surgeon's skill and experience. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the feasibility of response surface method (RSM) to comprehend ablative interactions of multi-parameters and to identify the optimal ablation rate (AR). As a surrogate model in the feasibility study, bovine liver tissue was utilized for ex vivo ablation testing. Three laser parameters pertinent to laser prostatectomy were selected: power (P), treatment speed (TS), and beam spot (BS). As a three-level fractional factorial RSM, Box Behnken design (BBD) was employed to identify the range of each parameter for achieving the optimal AR. The results showed that regardless of TS, AR was linearly contingent on both P and BS due to high irradiance. TS of 6~7 mm/s induced the maximal AR when P of 180 W and BS of 0.4 mm 2 . The corresponding volumetric density energy yielded an ablation volume of 80 mm 2 , which was close to a transition to volumetric saturation. The BBD-based model showed a good agreement with the experimental data in terms of ablation volume. The proposed multivariate parametric analysis can be an efficient design method to identify the optimal conditions for laser therapeutics. Further investigations will be performed on prostatic tissue to validate the proposed approach and to explore various optimization processes.

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“…Although the pathogenesis of BPH is unclear, it is known to be multifactorial; being necessary the presence of two factors for prostate growth occurs: the androgen stimulus and age [5]. Different theories have been proposed, based on histological, and hormonal age-related changes, but, currently, not a single explanation is accepted [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Patterns of Immunoreactivity to Cytokeratin 18 in Normal Prostate and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: Global and Local Differences

Santamarı́a¹,

Ingelmo²,

Teba³

2017

OJPathology

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Background: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign disease of the human prostate. The comparison between global versus local changes in spatial patterns of pathological lesions provoked a growing interest in some fields such as neuropathology. To date, there is little data on this subject in prostatic pathology. Given the interest of local parameters to distinguish between normal and pathological structures, the present study will apply first and second order stereological tools to find out if the cytokeratin18 (ck18) immunoexpression shows relevant local changes in BPH compared to normal prostate, independently if global estimates were similar in both groups. Methods: To verify if the global and local changes in immunoexpression of ck18 are relevant to ascertain differences between normal (CTR) and BPH cases, the following parameters will be applied: Volume fraction of epithelium immunostained for ck18 (V V ck18), both in global and local estimates; dispersion indices of V V ck18; estimates of local variance of V V ck18 (positional and of scale) using wavelet analysis; and lacunarity analysis to measure the tissue heterogeneity. Then, the set of values from the parameters studied that show significant differences between CTR and BPH will be employed to perform stepwise linear discriminant analyses to determine if locally estimated parameters were able to classify accurately the cases in CTR and BPH groups. Results and Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that changes in the expression of ck18 by the hyperplastic prostatic epithelium are not homogeneous. This limits the use of a single biopsy based markers to predict biological behavior in BPH. On the other hand, the local changes in the expression of ck18 are more evident in terms of V V ck18 and its 26local variability, whereas other parameters that are useful in other pathologies, such as lacunarity, are less relevant In prostatic hyperplasia.

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Review of Prostate Anatomy and Embryology and the Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Cited by 147 publications

References 55 publications

Survivin and NAIP in Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Protective Role of the Association of Serenoa repens, Lycopene and Selenium from the Randomized Clinical Study

Survivin and NAIP in Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Protective Role of the Association of Serenoa repens, Lycopene and Selenium from the Randomized Clinical Study

Multivariate Analysis of Laser-Induced Tissue Ablation: Ex Vivo Liver Testing

Structural Patterns of Immunoreactivity to Cytokeratin 18 in Normal Prostate and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: Global and Local Differences

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