Review of quantitative and qualitative methods for monitoring photopolymerization reactions

Abstract

Authomatic in-situ monitoring and characterization of photopolymerization.

First‐Row d6 Metal Complex Enables Photon Upconversion and Initiates Blue Light‐Dependent Polymerization with Red Light

“…Deep red or near infrared (NIR)-to-visible upconversion is attractive for applications in biology due to the deep penetration depth of NIR light in tissues and the less harmful nature of such low-energy radiation, [3b,23] and in photocatalysis because it can avoid photodamage and innerfilter effects caused by high-energy irradiation photons. [5a,d,22a,24] Photopolymerization is an essential method to produce polymer materials, [25] which is of interest for example for biomedical applications. [26] Even though significant research efforts have been made to enable photopolymerization by low-energy light instead of UV radiation, [27] the applicability of red or NIR light for this purpose still remains scarce and so far seems mostly limited to two-photon-absorbing initiators and lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles.…”

Synthesis of bio-sourced liquid resins and their photopolymerization with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate in the roadmap to more sustainable digital light processing technologies

“…This method is considered a quantitative tool for monitoring photopolymerization reactions. 41 Stress relaxation tests of uncured monomer mixtures were recorded with a rheometer. Shrinkage was determined as the volume reduction of a gap layer of 50 μm, from the beginning to the end of the experiment, following eqn (S1) (section 2.5, ESI†).…”

Recyclable Alloy Nanocatalyst-Mediated Photo-Controlled Synthesis of Functional Polymers for Toxic Metal and Dye Removal

“…Transition metal-induced radical polymerizations are a potent approach for the controlled structural property and functionalities of the polymers. − The core principle underpinning the RDRP technique involves a dynamic exchange between active and dormant species of oligomeric/polymeric radicals, which permits consistent and simultaneous chain extension while reducing the occurrence of an irreversible chain termination process. In order to expand the scope of conventional RDRP techniques a lot of interest has recently been paid to developing externally triggered RDRP, such as pressure, electrochemical, and photoirradiation. − Among these techniques, the photoinduced RDRP technique affords selectivity, spatiotemporal control (precise ON/OFF control), lower polymerization temperature, energy efficiency, and tolerance to functionalities and thus are preferred over other polymerization approaches. − …”