Review of Recent Advances in Detection of Organic Markers in Fine Particulate Matter and Their Use for Source Apportionment

Lin, Lin; Lee, Milton L.; Eatough, Delbert J.

doi:10.3155/1047-3289.60.1.3

Cited by 74 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 171 publications

(237 reference statements)

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“…Dehydroabietic acid and cholesterol were quantified as indicators for softwoods burning and meat cooking emission, respectively (Simoneit, 1977;Nolte et al, 1999;Lin et al, 2010). The concentration variations of these two biomarkers were slight even in a strong haze days, which show that the biomarkers from softwoods burning and meat cooking emissions were not influenced by the haze in this study.…”

Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…levoglucosan at 72.1-81.3 weight% of the total quantified biomarkers, followed by mannosan at 7.32-10.1% and galactosan at 3.12-6.58%. Levoglucosan is a specific indicator for cellulose burning emissions and generally formed during cellulose pyrolysis at temperatures more than 300°C (Shafizadeh, 1984;Simoneit et al, 1999;Lin et al, 2010). Some carbohydrate polymers (e.g., starch) also produce levoglucosan upon thermal alteration .…”

Section: Inorganic Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some carbohydrate polymers (e.g., starch) also produce levoglucosan upon thermal alteration . However, it is not probable that cooking, baking, or toasting is a significant source of levoglucosan because the temperature attained during the process is not sufficient to pyrolyze carbohydrates to levoglucosan (Lin et al, 2010). Mannosan and galactosan are minor constituents compared to levoglucosan and are derived from the pyrolysis of hemicellulose.…”

Section: Inorganic Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Key Indicator of Transboundary Particulate Matter Pollution Derived from Indonesian Peatland Fires in Malaysia

Fujii

Mahmud

Oda

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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We characterized ambient total suspended particulates (TSP) based on ground-based samplings in Malaysia during nonhaze days and haze ones affected by Indonesian peatland fires. Furthermore, a key indicator of Indonesian peatland fire was determined based on chemical characterization of TSP in Malaysia. TSP samples were chemically analyzed to determine organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, and biomarkers (solvent-extractable organic compounds derived from biomass burning). Regarding OC and EC, concentrations of OC1 and OP (pyrolyzed OC) defined by IMPROVE_A protocol increased remarkably during the haze episodes. On the contrary, there were no significant differences in concentrations of OC4, EC, and EC fractions between the haze and non-haze samples. Regarding inorganic ions, sulfate and ammonium concentrations increased in strong haze days, however, it is difficult to use these compounds as indicators for Indonesian peatland fires in light haze days due to the partial overlapping of the variation ranges of sulfate and ammonium concentrations in non-haze days. Concentrations of many biomarkers derived from cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin pyrolysis products were significantly increased during strong haze days but not during light haze days except p-hydroxybenzoic acid. We proposed the OP to OC4 ratio as a potential indicator of transboundary haze pollution from Indonesian peatland fires at the receptor sites even in light haze.

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Section: Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Inorganic Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inorganic Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Key Indicator of Transboundary Particulate Matter Pollution Derived from Indonesian Peatland Fires in Malaysia

Fujii

Mahmud

Oda

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…In early studies, metal elements were widely used as tracers in source apportionment. However, organic tracers have become more and more commonly used recently due to the fact that they are more specific than metal elements in pollutant sources (Lin et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation kinetics of levoglucosan initiated by hydroxyl radical under different environmental conditions

Lai

Liu

et al. 2014

Atmospheric Environment

143

132

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h i g h l i g h t sMixing state significantly slows down the reactivity of levoglucosan toward OH. Low RH and high temperature are favorable to degradation of levoglucosan. Degradation of levoglucosan should be prominent in the atmosphere. To understand the atmospheric stability of levoglucosan, which is a major molecular tracer used for source apportionment of biomass burning aerosols, degradation kinetics of levoglucosan by hydroxyl radical (OH) have been investigated using a flow reactor under different conditions. The second-order rate constant (k 2 ) for the degradation of pure levoglucosan by OH is (9.17 AE 1.16) Â 10 À12 cm 3 molecules À1 s À1 at 25 C and 40% relative humidity (RH), while it depends on environmental conditions such as temperature, RH, and mixing state. At 25 C, k 2 of pure levoglucosan linearly decreases with increasing RH (k 2 ¼ (1.50 AE 0.04) Â 10 À11 À (1.31 AE 0.11) Â 10 À11 RH), while it increases with increasing temperature and follows the Arrhenius equation k 2 ¼ (6.2 AE 5.6) Â 10 À9 exp[(e1922.5 AE 268.2)/T] when the RH is 40%. At 25 C and 40% RH, compared to pure levoglucosan, levoglucosan coated on (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or NaCl (levoglucosan@(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and levoglucosan@NaCl) shows larger k 2 to OH with (9.53 AE 0.39) Â 10 À12 and (10.3 AE 0.45) Â 10 À12 cm 3 molecules À1 s À1 , respectively, whereas levoglucosan coated on soot (levoglucosan@soot) shows the smaller k 2 of (4.04 AE 0.29) Â 10 À12 cm 3 molecules À1 s À1 . Either (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 or NaCl internally mixed with levoglucosan ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 @levoglucosan and NaCl@levoglucosan) prominently inhibits the degradation of levoglucosan. Based on the rate constants, atmospheric lifetimes of levoglucosan were estimated to be 1.2e3.9 days under different conditions. All the results indicate that the degradation of levoglucosan by OH is prominent during air mass aging, and it should have an important influence on the uncertainty of source apportionment if the contribution of degradation to levoglucosan concentration is not considered in source apportionment models. a r t i c l e i n f o

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“…Statistical source apportionment techniques rely on the chemical signatures measured at receptor sites to quantify primary source contributions. Organic molecular markers have been especially useful for the source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols (Schauer et al, 1996;Chow and Watson, 2002;Lin et al, 2010). Commonly-used organic molecular markers include hopanes and steranes for motor oil emissions (Simoneit, 1999, Phuleria et al 2007Riddle et al, 2008); heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for gasoline exhaust and coal combustion (Robinson et al, 2006); light PAHs for diesel exhaust (Fraser et al, 2003;Riddle et al, 2008); cholesterol for food cooking (Rogge et al, 1991); nalkanes for vegetative detritus (Rogge et al, 1993); and levoglucosan for biomass burning (Simoneit, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-induced volatility of molecular markers in ambient airborne particulate matter

2011

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Abstract. Molecular markers are organic compounds used to represent known sources of particulate matter (PM) in statistical source apportionment studies. The utility of molecular markers depends on, among other things, their ability to represent PM volatility under realistic atmospheric conditions. We measured the particle-phase concentrations and temperature-induced volatility of commonly-used molecular markers in California's heavily polluted San Joaqin Valley. Concentrations of elemental carbon, organic carbon, levoglucosan, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were not reduced by mild (∼10 K) heating. In contrast, both hopane/sterane and n-alkane concentrations were reduced, especially during the summer sampling events at the urban site. These results suggest that hopanes and steranes have effective saturation concentrations ∼1 µg m −3 , and therefore can be considered semi-volatile. The volatility of an individual compound depends both on its inherent properties (primarily vapour pressure) and the interactions between itself and any potential absorbing phase. The volatility behavior of n-alkanes during the urban summer is consistent with that predicted for absorption by suberic acid (a C 8 diacid) using a group contribution modelling method. Observations can also be matched by an absorbent whose composition is based on recently-obtained high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer factors (approximately 33% "hydrocarbon-like" and 67% oxygenated organic aerosol). The reduced evaporation of the n-alkanes, hopanes, and steranes with mild heating during rural and/or winter experiments could be explained by a more oxygenated absorbing phase along with a non-absorptive partitioning mechanism, such as adsorption to soot. This suggests that the temperature-induced volatility of large hydrocarbons in PM is most important if a relatively non-polar abCorrespondence to: M. J. Kleeman (mjkleeman@ucdavis.edu) sorbing organic phase exists. While the activity coefficients of most organic aerosol compounds may be close to unity, the assumption of ideality for large hydrocarbons (e.g., hopanes) may result in large errors in partitioning calculations.

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Review of Recent Advances in Detection of Organic Markers in Fine Particulate Matter and Their Use for Source Apportionment

Cited by 74 publications

References 171 publications

A Key Indicator of Transboundary Particulate Matter Pollution Derived from Indonesian Peatland Fires in Malaysia

A Key Indicator of Transboundary Particulate Matter Pollution Derived from Indonesian Peatland Fires in Malaysia

Degradation kinetics of levoglucosan initiated by hydroxyl radical under different environmental conditions

Temperature-induced volatility of molecular markers in ambient airborne particulate matter

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