Review of Recovery Mechanisms of Ionically Modified Waterflood in Carbonate Reservoirs

Sohal, M. Adeel; Thyne, Geoffrey D.; Søgaard, Erik Gydesen

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02749

Cited by 109 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Increases in recovery of up to 20% over standard water-flooding have been observed, comparable with other modern IOR methods1623. The problem is that improved recovery is not observed in all cases1620 (e.g., Fig. 1d).…”

supporting

confidence: 65%

“…Laboratory experiments and field trials have shown that oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs can be increased by modifying the composition of the brine injected during water-flooding in a process termed ‘controlled salinity water-flooding’ (CSW)89111213141516. In laboratory core-flooding experiments, oil is displaced from cylindrical rock samples (‘cores’) by injecting water of the desired composition into one end face of the core and producing oil (and water) from the opposing face in order to model the reservoir water-flooding process (e.g., Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zeta potential in oil-water-carbonate systems and its impact on oil recovery during controlled salinity water-flooding

Jackson

Al-Mahrouqi

Vinogradov

2016

Sci Rep

241

193

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Laboratory experiments and field trials have shown that oil recovery from carbonate reservoirs can be increased by modifying the brine composition injected during recovery in a process termed controlled salinity water-flooding (CSW). However, CSW remains poorly understood and there is no method to predict the optimum CSW composition. This work demonstrates for the first time that improved oil recovery (IOR) during CSW is strongly correlated to changes in zeta potential at both the mineral-water and oil-water interfaces. We report experiments in which IOR during CSW occurs only when the change in brine composition induces a repulsive electrostatic force between the oil-brine and mineral-brine interfaces. The polarity of the zeta potential at both interfaces must be determined when designing the optimum CSW composition. A new experimental method is presented that allows this. Results also show for the first time that the zeta potential at the oil-water interface may be positive at conditions relevant to carbonate reservoirs. A key challenge for any model of CSW is to explain why IOR is not always observed. Here we suggest that failures using the conventional (dilution) approach to CSW may have been caused by a positively charged oil-water interface that had not been identified.

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supporting

confidence: 65%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Zeta potential in oil-water-carbonate systems and its impact on oil recovery during controlled salinity water-flooding

Jackson

Al-Mahrouqi

Vinogradov

2016

Sci Rep

241

193

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“…When calcite is exposed to water, the following reactions can occur, which result in multiple ions being present in the solution [42] 2− 3 ions are probably the PDIs in a calcite aqueous suspension [48,[51][52][53], it has been suggested that other ions, e.g., H + , OH − , CaOH + , and HCO − 3 could contribute towards zeta potential [15,48,54,55]. Furthermore, additional ions Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , SO 2− 4 were also suggested to play a role in determining potential [17,20,56,57]. Therefore, PDIs could be crystal lattice ions, ions from surface hydrolysis or protonation (H + or OH − in the solution), or the ions added to the solution (adsorption) [15].…”

Section: Effect Of Anionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Surface Charge Modification of Carbonates in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Derkani

Fletcher

Fedorov

et al. 2019

Colloids and Interfaces

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The influence of different types of salts (NaCl, CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , NaHCO 3 , and Na 2 SO 4 ) on the surface characteristics of unconditioned calcite and dolomite particles, and conditioned with stearic acid, was investigated. This study used zeta potential measurements to gain fundamental understanding of physico-chemical mechanisms involved in surface charge modification of carbonate minerals in the presence of diluted salt solutions. By increasing the salt concentration of divalent cationic salt solution (CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 ), the zeta potential of calcite particles was altered, resulting in charge reversal from negative to positive, while dolomite particles maintained positive zeta potential. This is due to the adsorption of potential-determining cations (Ca 2 + and Mg 2 + ), and consequent changes in the structure of the diffuse layer, predominantly driven by coulombic interactions. On the other hand, chemical adsorption of potential-determining anions (HCO 3 - and SO 4 2 - ) maintained the negative zeta potential of carbonate surfaces and increased its magnitude up to 10 mM, before decreasing at higher salt concentrations. Physisorption of stearic acid molecules on the calcite and dolomite surfaces changed the zeta potential to more negative values in all solutions. It is argued that divalent cations (Ca 2 + and Mg 2 + ) would result in positive and neutral complexes with stearic acid molecules, which may result in strongly bound stearic acid films, whereas ions resulting in negative mineral surface charges (SO 4 2 - and HCO 3 - ) will cause stearic acid films to be loosely bound to the carbonate mineral surfaces. The suggested mechanism for surface charge modification of carbonates, in the presence of different ions, is changes in both distribution of ions in the diffuse layer and its structure as a result of ion adsorption to the crystal lattice by having a positive contribution to the disjoining pressures when changing electrolyte concentration. This work extends the current knowledge base for dynamic water injection design by determining the effect of salt concentration on surface electrostatics.

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“…With the increasing demand of energy around the world, the oil output needs to be improved urgently. Therefore, closer attention has been focused on polymer flooding, an efficient way for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) . To date, the ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyacrylamide (PAM) and hydrolyzed PAM (HPAM) are the most commonly used chemical additives in the field for EOR because of their good thickening ability and low price .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified polyacrylamide containing phenylsulfonamide and betaine sulfonate with excellent viscoelasticity for EOR

Zhang

Gou

Zhou

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The monomers containing phenylsulfonamide N-allyl-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (TCAP) and N,N-diallyl-4-methyl benzenesulfonamide (TCDAP) were copolymerized with acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), and 3-(3-methacrylamidopropyl-dimethylammonio)-propane-1-sulfonate (MDPS), respectively, through free-radical micellar copolymerization in deionized water for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Then, the effect of the synthesis conditions was investigated simultaneously; the copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infraredFTIR, nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the thickening function, high-temperature resistance (120 C), and anti-shear ability were improved significantly. It was also found that the copolymers had excellent viscoelasticity at the lower shear frequencies. When the copolymers were dissolved in 10,000 mg L −1 NaCl, 2000 mg L −1 CaCl 2 , and 2000 mg L −1 MgCl 2 solutions, the viscosity retention rates of AM/AA/TCAP/MDPS and AM/AA/TCDAP/MDPS were 13.3, 11.1, 10.6% and 18.6, 15.2, 11.7%, respectively. In addition, the copolymers for EOR at 60 C were 11.4 and 13.8%, respectively, which demonstrated that the copolymers possessed excellent performance for potential application in EOR.

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Review of Recovery Mechanisms of Ionically Modified Waterflood in Carbonate Reservoirs

Cited by 109 publications

References 86 publications

Zeta potential in oil-water-carbonate systems and its impact on oil recovery during controlled salinity water-flooding

Zeta potential in oil-water-carbonate systems and its impact on oil recovery during controlled salinity water-flooding

Mechanisms of Surface Charge Modification of Carbonates in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Modified polyacrylamide containing phenylsulfonamide and betaine sulfonate with excellent viscoelasticity for EOR

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