Review of regional measles surveillance data in the Americas, 1996–99

Hersh, Bradley S.; Tambini, Gina; Nogueira, Ana Cláudia Fernandes; Carrasco, Peter; Quadrós, Ciro A. de

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02325-4

Cited by 98 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…High vaccination coverage through routine and supplemental vaccination programs has significantly reduced the circulation of measles virus (MV) in many industrialized nations (14); however, the virus remains endemic in many developing countries, leading to 30 million cases and approximately 454,000 deaths annually (36). The goal of the Global Measles Strategic Plan, sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), is to significantly reduce measles mortality in countries where the virus is endemic and to maintain measles-free status in countries that have already interrupted measles transmission (38).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping of Measles Virus in Clinical Specimens on the Basis of Oligonucleotide Microarray Hybridization Patterns

et al. 2006

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An oligonucleotide microarray hybridization method for identification of most known measles virus (MV) genotypes was developed. Like the conventional genotyping method, the microarray relied on detecting sequence differences in the 450-nucleotide region coding for the COOH-terminal 150 amino acids of the nucleoprotein (N). This region was amplified using PCR primers binding to all known MV genotypes. The microarray included 71 pairs of oligonucleotide probes (oligoprobes) immobilized on glass slides. Each pair consisted of a genotype-specific oligoprobe, which matched the sequence of only one target genotype, and a control oligoprobe, which contained mismatches at the nucleotide positions unique to this genotype. A pattern recognition algorithm based on cluster analysis of the ratios of hybridization signals from specific and control oligoprobes was used to identify the specific MV genotype. Following the initial validation, the method was used for rapid genotyping of two panels of coded samples. The results of this study showed good sensitivity (90.7%), specificity (100%), and genotype agreement (91.8%) for the new method compared to the results of genotyping conducted using phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences of the C terminus of the N gene. In addition, the microarray demonstrated the ability to identify potential new genotypes of MV based on the similarity of their hybridization patterns with those of known MV genotypes.

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confidence: 99%

Genotyping of Measles Virus in Clinical Specimens on the Basis of Oligonucleotide Microarray Hybridization Patterns

et al. 2006

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“…In addition, laboratory and epidemiological studies should be conducted to address genetic and antigenic measles virus variability as well as measles virus-specific immune responses. Such studies should examine (i) genetic diversity between measles virus vaccine and wild-type strains to ensure that existing vaccines continue to provide a high degree of protection, (ii) the response to measles vaccine provided at different schedules of vaccination (ages and intervals), and (iii) serological markers at different stages of measles infection to globally understand antibody responses to the infection (12,20,21). Recently, a subclassrestricted response to antigens was demonstrated; however, limited data are available on measles virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass responses (11,14,16,24).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Immunoglobulin G Subclass Profiles Induced by Measles Virus in Vaccinated and Naturally Infected Individuals

Isa

Martı́nez

Giordano

et al. 2002

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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A total of 258 human sera positive for measles antibodies were divided into four different groups: group 1 contained 54 sera from children after natural measles infection (immunoglobulin M [IgM] positive, early infection phase), group 2 contained 28 sera from children after measles vaccination (IgM positive, early infection phase), group 3 contained 100 sera from healthy adults (natural long-lasting immunity), and group 4 contained 76 sera from healthy children (postvaccinal long-lasting immunity). In the early phase of infection, the percent distributions of measles virus-specific IgG isotypes were similar between natural and postvaccinal immune responses. IgG1 and IgG4 were the dominant isotypes, with mean levels of detection of 100% (natural infection) and 100% (postvaccinal) for IgG1 and 96% (natural infection) and 92% (postvaccinal) for IgG4. In comparison, the IgG4 geometric mean titer (GMT) in the early phase of natural infection was significantly higher than the IgG4 GMT detected in the postvaccinal immune response (80 versus 13; 95% confidence interval). In the memory phase, IgG2 and IgG3 responses decreased significantly in both natural infection and postvaccinal groups, while IgG1 levels were maintained. In contrast, the IgG4 postvaccinal immune response decreased strongly in the memory phase, whereas IgG4 natural long-lasting immunity remained unchanged (9 versus 86%; P < 0.05). The results obtained suggest that IgG4 isotype could be used in the early phase of infection as a quantitative marker and in long-lasting immunity as a qualitative marker to differentiate between natural and postvaccinal immune responses.

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“…In 1997, a large measles outbreak occurred in São Paulo, Brazil, among adults aged 20 to 29 years. 40 The infected adults were primarily unvaccinated, indicating that vaccine failure (primary or secondary) was not a major factor in this outbreak. Transmission among young adults in São Paulo was not sustained after 1997, suggesting that although large outbreaks may occur among adults, adult susceptibility is unlikely to sustain endemic transmission.…”

Section: Transmission Among Adultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…After the catch-up campaigns, some countries have increased the measles vaccination age to 12 months to maximize vaccine efficacy. 40 Implementation of the PAHO strategy in the Western Hemisphere resulted in a 99% decrease in reported measles cases, from a high of almost 250000 cases in 1990 to 3018 cases in 1999. As of June 24, 2000, only 500 cases had been reported, the lowest total ever reported for the first 25 weeks of the year.…”

Section: Elimination From a Large Geographic Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Measles eradication: is it in our future?

Orenstein

Strebel²,

Papania³

et al. 2000

Am J Public Health

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Measles eradication would avert the current annual 1 million deaths and save the $1.5 billion in treatment and prevention costs due to measles in perpetuity. The authors evaluate the biological feasibility of eradicating measles according to 4 criteria: (1) the role of humans in maintaining transmission, (2) the availability of accurate diagnostic tests, (3) the existence of effective vaccines, and (4) the need to demonstrate elimination of measles from a large geographic area. Recent successes in interrupting measles transmission in the United States, most other countries in the Western Hemisphere, and selected countries in other regions provide evidence for the feasibility of global eradication. Potential impediments to eradication include (1) lack of political will in some industrialized countries, (2) transmission among adults, (3) increasing urbanization and population density, (4) the HIV epidemic, (5) waning immunity and the possibility of transmission from subclinical cases, and (6) risk of unsafe injections. Despite these challenges, a compelling case can be made in favor of measles eradication, and the authors believe that it is in our future. The question is when.

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Review of regional measles surveillance data in the Americas, 1996–99

Cited by 98 publications

References 20 publications

Genotyping of Measles Virus in Clinical Specimens on the Basis of Oligonucleotide Microarray Hybridization Patterns

Genotyping of Measles Virus in Clinical Specimens on the Basis of Oligonucleotide Microarray Hybridization Patterns

Comparison of Immunoglobulin G Subclass Profiles Induced by Measles Virus in Vaccinated and Naturally Infected Individuals

Measles eradication: is it in our future?

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