Review of Renewable Energy Potentials in Indonesia and Their Contribution to a 100% Renewable Electricity System

Abstract

Indonesia has an increasing electricity demand that is mostly met with fossil fuels. Although Indonesia plans to ramp up Renewable Energy Technologies (RET), implementation has been slow. This is unfortunate, as the RET potential in Indonesia might be higher than currently assumed given the archipelago’s size. However, there is no literature overview of RET potentials in Indonesia and to what extent they can meet current and future electricity demand coverage. This paper reviews contemporary literature on the potential of nine RET in Indonesia and analyses their impact in terms of area and demand coverage. The study concludes that Indonesia hosts massive amounts of renewable energy resources on both land and sea. The potentials in the academic and industrial literature tend to be considerably larger than the ones from the Indonesian Energy Ministry on which current energy policies are based. Moreover, these potentials could enable a 100% renewables electricity system and meet future demand with limited impact on land availability. Nonetheless, the review showed that the research topic is still under-researched with three detected knowledge gaps, namely the lack of (i) economic RET potentials, (ii) research on the integrated spatial potential mapping of several RET and (iii) empirical data on natural resources. Lastly, this study provides research and policy recommendations to promote RET in Indonesia.

Design of solar cell using mirror, cooling, double axis, and solar tracking

“…This places Indonesia in the tropics and beyond the equator. The average daily solar irradiation level is relatively high at 4.5 kWh/m 2 /day, and it has great potential for the development of solar power plants (PLTS) [15]- [17].…”

Rancang Bangun dan Unjuk Kerja Baterai Aluminium-Udara sebagai Penggerak Kendaraan Listrik

“…Energi terbarukan merupakan energi yang didapatkan dari sumber yang tidak terbatas, murah, bersih, efisiensi dan stabilitas tinggi diantaranya angin, panas matahari, panas bumi, aliran air, dan biomassa [3]. Salah satu pengaplikasian energi angin menggunakan turbin yang berputar, dimana mengubah energi mekanik menjadi energi listrik untuk digunakan pada pengecasan baterai dan pompa air.…”

Design of Hybrid (PV-Diesel) System for Tourist Island in Karimunjawa Indonesia

“…Still, so far, only limited articles are discussing the wind energy feasibility on Karimunjawa Island. However, Jannis Langer et al ( 2021), in a study on the potential of new and renewable energy in Indonesia, stated that at an average wind speed of 4 m/s to 6 m/s, every 100 kW of wind power requires an area of 0.25 km 2 [45].…”

“…This result means that the potential for wind energy on Karimunjawa Island is not feasible to build wind power plants. (3) Based on the findings in [45] , which are the motivation to find out the relationship between the wind power generated based on the area requirement, it can be concluded that the Karimunjawa Island area is 71.2 km 2 the wind energy density on Karimunjawa Island is 400 w/m 2 . This wind energy density is classified as "Good" [47] or ranked in the 4th [48,49], but the classification at the average wind speed is 7 m/s.…”