Review of Residual Stress Measurement by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Technique

Abstract

Determination of residual stress state is important for quality, integrity, and service performance of the components and structures. Almost all manufacturing processes cause considerable amounts of residual stress; thus, any process or product design ignoring it involves a risk for distortion or early failure. Among the existing methods, the magnetic Barkhausen noise method has been gaining attention for measuring residual stresses nondestructively in ferromagnetic materials. It is sensitive to the interactions between the magnetic structure and microstructure or residual stress fields. So far, successful qualitative results have been obtained for monitoring the residual stress variations on the surfaces of the components manufactured by various processes. However, some challenging tasks exist, such as obtaining reliable quantitative results when residual stresses and microstructure change at the same time or extracting depth-specific information. This article reviews the studies for the measurement of residual stress by magnetic Barkhausen noise method, particularly focusing on the processes widely used in industry, namely shot peening and welding.

Experimental, Computational, and Machine Learning Methods for Prediction of Residual Stresses in Laser Additive Manufacturing: A Critical Review

“…The BNM is a non-destructive method applicable to ferromagnetic materials that can be magnetized. It is based on magneto-elastic interaction, where the elastic properties vary with the domain and magnetic property of the specimen [56]. Barkhausen noise, defined as the variation in electrical pulses induced in a coil due to a jump in the magnetic force field of the specimen when small-order magnetic domains are aligned parallel to the applied magnetic field, is analyzed for RS characterization [45].…”

“…BNM is also influenced by the microstructure of the specimen. Hence, initial calibration is highly significant in obtaining accurate results using this method [56]. This feature limits the the application of the BNM for AM parts, as the microstructure is highly non-homogeneous.…”

Identification of existing stress in existing civil structures for accurate prediction of structural performance under impending extreme winds

“…Javadi (2013) measured residual stress in stainless steel pipes due to welding using ultrasonic measurements and it was found that the residual stress around the weld centerline can be as high as 150 MPa (21.7 ksi), which was around 88% of its yield strength (170 MPa or 24.6 ksi). The X-ray diffraction method and MBN method were also applied to investigate the residual stress in welded structures and it was concluded that tensile residual stresses were generated at the welds due to the thermal contraction of the weld steel and the adjacent heated parent material during cooling after welding and that these tensile residual stresses can reach as high as the yield strength of the weld steel or the parent material (Fitzpatrick et al, 2005; Gur, 2018; Lachmann et al, 2000; Leggatt, 2008; Matzkanin and Gardner, 1976). Banahan (2008) investigated the structural integrity of a nuclear power-generating plant by including residual stress in his analysis.…”

Magnetic Incremental Permeability of Elastically Deformed Iron and Nickel

“…The micromagnetic, multiparameter, microstructure and stress analysis (3MA technology) can also be used for testing the stress-strain state [6]. Gur [7] and Gauthier et al [8] provide an overview of the application of the Barkhausen noise method to control mechanical stresses. The magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) method continues to be actively developed and used for the mechanical stresses testing [9][10][11].…”