Review of Spark Discharge Generators for Production of Nanoparticle Aerosols

Meuller, Bengt; Messing, Maria E.; Engberg, David; Jansson, Anna; Johansson, Lotta; Norlén, Susanne M.; Tureson, Nina; Deppert, Knut

doi:10.1080/02786826.2012.705448

Cited by 117 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The energy per spark for cluster generation in helium was determined by initial experimental testing and was in the range from 5 to about 300 mJ. These energies are two to three orders of magnitude lower compared to SDG operation for nanoparticle production in nitrogen and were achieved by operating the SDG at low capacitance and low breakdown voltage compared to most previously published studies (Tabrizi et al 2009;Meuller et al 2012). The breakdown voltage can be controlled by the gap distance between the electrodes.…”

Section: Sdg Operation For Cluster Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown for nanoparticles that the main fraction of generated clusters is neutral and only a small fraction is positively or negatively self-charged (Tabrizi et al 2009;Meuller et al 2012). Thus, it is safe to assume that only clusters with a single positive or negative charge are produced by the SDG, as the charging probability of multiply charged sub-2 nm clusters is extremely low (Fuchs 1963;Wiedensohler 1988).…”

Section: Sdg Operation For Cluster Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atomic Cluster Generation with an Atmospheric Pressure Spark Discharge Generator

Maisser

Barmpounis

Attoui

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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A new method for generating metal clusters in the gas phase is described and characterized in this work. The method is based on material evaporation by spark ablation at atmospheric pressure. The characterization of atomic clusters was done by measuring their electrical mobility. The measured mobilities were compared with values found in literature in order to identify the cluster species. We show that silver clusters consisting from one up to 25 atoms can be produced in helium at atmospheric pressure. In addition, the effect of oxygen concentration on the resulting cluster mobility distribution was investigated. Results show that at higher oxygen level, the mobility distribution is dominated by the abundance of stable clusters (i.e., magic number clusters). This can be attributed to an oxidation etching effect.

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Section: Sdg Operation For Cluster Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sdg Operation For Cluster Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic Cluster Generation with an Atmospheric Pressure Spark Discharge Generator

Maisser

Barmpounis

Attoui

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…The central parts of all SDG's are the spark chamber and the electrical power circuit. 3 In the present study, a KFsealed, DN-160 sized, cylindrical stainless steel chamber was used, equipped with 6 pieces of radially located KF-40 ports. One of the KF-160 ports was sealed by a fused silica window to facilitate optical observation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the application of spark discharges for NP production has been steadily increasing, as it was realized that SDGs provide an exceptionally versatile, clean, and efficient method of NP production. Major contributions to the advancement of the field came from Schmidt-Ott, 1 as well as from Hwang, 2 Deppert, 3 and Kruis. 4 The most recent review of the area was published in Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A time-resolved imaging and electrical study on a high current atmospheric pressure spark discharge

Palomares

Kohut

Galbács

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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A time-resolved laser induced fluorescence study on the ion velocity distribution function in a Hall thruster after a fast current disruption Phys. Plasmas 16, 043504 (2009) We present a time-resolved imaging and electrical study of an atmospheric pressure spark discharge. The conditions of the present study are those used for nanoparticle generation in spark discharge generator setups. The oscillatory bipolar spark discharge was generated between two identical Cu electrodes in different configurations (cylindrical flat-end or tipped-end geometries, electrode gap from 0.5 to 4 mm), in a controlled co-axial N 2 flow, and was supplied by a high voltage capacitor. Imaging data with nanosecond time resolution were collected using an intensified CCD camera. This data were used to study the time evolution of plasma morphology, total light emission intensity, and the rate of plasma expansion. High voltage and high current probes were employed to collect electrical data about the discharge. The electrical data recorded allowed, among others, the calculation of the equivalent resistance and inductance of the circuit, estimations for the energy dissipated in the spark gap. By combining imaging and electrical data, observations could be made about the correlation of the evolution of total emitted light and the dissipated power. It was also observed that the distribution of light emission of the plasma in the spark gap is uneven, as it exhibits a "hot spot" with an oscillating position in the axial direction, in correlation with the high voltage waveform. The initial expansion rate of the cylindrical plasma front was found to be supersonic; thus, the discharge releases a strong shockwave. Finally, the results on equivalent resistance and channel expansion are comparable to those of unipolar arcs. This shows the spark discharge has a similar behavior to the arc regime during the conductive phase and until the current oscillations stop. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC. [http://dx

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“…However, particles generated by RR-SDG are prone to agglomeration at high number concentrations due to post-discharge diffusion charging in bipolar ion clouds (Bau et al 2010). In an effort to prevent agglomeration of the particles, various methods have been developed such as controlling the flow rate of carrier gas (Schwyn et al 1988;Tabrizi et al 2009;Meuller et al 2012) or injecting unipolar charged air ions (Park et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wire-in-Hole-Type Spark Discharge Generator for Long-Time Consistent Generation of Unagglomerated Nanoparticles

Chae

Lee

Kim

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The electrode configuration in a spark discharge generator plays a critical role in the characteristics of the process. For instance, the rod-to-rod configuration is unable to prevent nanoparticles from agglomerating due to slow local carrier gas velocity. On the other hand, the recently developed pin-to-plate configuration is able to produce unagglomerated nanoparticles; however, the geometric mean diameter and the number concentration of produced nanoparticles change over time as the pin gets eroded. In this work, we present a novel wire-in-holetype spark discharge generator (WH-SDG) which is able to generate unagglomerated nanoparticles with a constant size distribution over a long time. The WH-SDG, which consists of a metal wire and a grounded plate with a hole in which the metal wire is located in the center, effectively suppressed changes in the electrode morphology and the gap distance, which cause the minimal variation of the spark discharge voltage and frequency in time. Therefore, the WH-SDG was able to maintain a constant size distribution of the generated nanoparticles for 12 h. In addition, it was found that the WH-SDG could control the diameter of nanoparticles by regulating the gas flow rate into generator, and could produce nanoparticles from various metals such as copper and palladium.

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Review of Spark Discharge Generators for Production of Nanoparticle Aerosols

Cited by 117 publications

References 50 publications

Atomic Cluster Generation with an Atmospheric Pressure Spark Discharge Generator

Atomic Cluster Generation with an Atmospheric Pressure Spark Discharge Generator

A time-resolved imaging and electrical study on a high current atmospheric pressure spark discharge

Wire-in-Hole-Type Spark Discharge Generator for Long-Time Consistent Generation of Unagglomerated Nanoparticles

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