Biomass resources have attracted considerable attention due to their renewability and cleanliness. Anaerobic fermentation (AF) is a preferred technology to effectively utilize the biomass resources. To improve AF environments, the addition of accelerants in AF is an effective technical strategy. Nano-structured transition metal compounds (TMCs), due to their distinctive structure and unique properties, have been widely applied in different catalytic fields, such as solar cells, fuel cells, capacitor, biosensors, hydrogen generation, energy storage, organic matter decomposition, and pollution control. In this regard, we investigated the effects of TMCs used as counter electrode (CE) catalysts on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), and the role of TMCs as accelerants on the environment of the AF. These TMCs exhibited remarkably superior performance as alternative Pt-free CEs in DSSCs and as accelerants in AF. Research in this direction is expected to open new avenues for the use of TMCs in upcoming energy fields such as biomass energy and solar energy.