Review of stability of liquid jets and the influence of nozzle design

McCarthy, M. J.; Molloy, N. A.

doi:10.1016/0300-9467(74)80021-3

Cited by 335 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The measurements were performed at a distance of 2-3 mm downstream from the nozzle, well before the liquid micro-jet breaks into a train of droplets. 35 The sample that has passed the interaction region is collected in a liquid nitrogen-cooled trap. In all experiments, the relative surface a nity of guanidinium and ammonium ions was monitored via their N1s PE line at 500 eV photon energy, at which also the valence PE spectra of liquid water was recorded.…”

Section: Methods Experimental Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Behavior of Hydrated Guanidinium and Ammonium Ions: A Comparative Study by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics

et al. 2014

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Through the combination of surface sensitive photoelectron spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation, the relative surface propensities of guanidinium and ammonium ions in aqueous solution are characterized. The fact that the N1s binding energies di↵er between these two species was exploited to monitor their relative surface concentration through their respective photoemission intensities. Aqueous solutions of ammonium and guanidinium chloride, and mixtures of these salts, have been studied in a wide concentration range and it is found that the guanidinium ion has a greater propensity to reside at the aqueous surface than the ammonium ion. A large portion of the relative excess of guanidinium ions in the surface region of the mixed solutions can be explained by replacement of ammonium ions by guanidinium ions in the surface region in combination with a strong salting out e↵ect of guanidinium by ammonium ions at increased concentrations. This interpretation is supported by molecular dynamics simulations, which reproduce the experimental trends very well.The simulations suggest that the relatively higher surface propensity of guanidinium compared to ammonium ions is due to the ease of dehydration of the faces of the almost planar guanidinium ion, which allows it to approach the water-vapor interface oriented parallel to it.

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Section: Methods Experimental Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Behavior of Hydrated Guanidinium and Ammonium Ions: A Comparative Study by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics

et al. 2014

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“…They have made great efforts to understand the penetration of drugs through the skin. The permeation data, however, were frequently analyzed on simplistic assumptions such as a single layer skin, a constant diffusivity, a steady-state condition, a simplified boundary condition, a compartment model of skin, etc>l-3, 6,8,9,[12][13][14]18,21,23,37,43,44) A mQre^^^_ proach is needed, at this stage of transdermal drug delivery studies, to elucidate the mechanism of percutaneous absorption.…”

Section: Gas Entrainment Rate Qgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nozzle length on gas entrainment characteristics of vertical liquid jet.

Ohkawa

Kusabiraki

Sakai

1987

J. Chem. Eng. Japan

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For a vertical plunging liquid jet system using nozzles which had various values of the length-to-diameter ratio LJDn, characteristics such as the bubble penetration depth Z and the gas entrainment rate Qg were studied experimentally in an air-water system. Whennozzles of an LJDnratio exceeding 15 were employed,the values of Z and Qg were confirmed to be almost independent of LJDn. Empirical correlations for predicting Z and Qg are also presented.

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“…Hermens [69] ha profundizado, entre otros aspectos, en el estudio de la influencia de la cavitación sobre el proceso de mezcla. Para ello ha utilizado, entre otras toberas, una cilíndrica y otra cónica, a través de las cuales caracterizó el proceso de mezcla en dos escenarios diferentes: el primero, en condiciones no evaporativas (chorro líquido), y el segundo, en condiciones evaporativas (longitud líquida de evaporación).…”

Section: Efecto De La Cavitación Sobre La Velocidad Efectiva De Inyecunclassified

“…El segundo trabajo corresponde al de Hermens [69]. Cabe indicar que Hermens, además de caracterizar el proceso de mezcla en los dos escenarios que ya han sido descritos antes (es decir en condiciones no evaporativas y en condiciones evaporativas), ha caracterizado este proceso en condiciones evaporativas y reactivas (tasa de calor liberado).…”

Section: Efecto De La Cavitación Sobre La Velocidad Efectiva De Inyecunclassified

“…En el trabajo de Hermens [69] se continuó profundizando, entre otros aspectos, en el estudio de la influencia de la cavitación sobre la emisión final de hollín. Para ello ahora en este trabajo se han utilizado, entre otras toberas, una tobera cilíndrica (que propicia el fenómeno de la cavitación) y una tobera cónica.…”

Section: Efecto De La Cavitación Sobre El Proceso De Combustiónunclassified

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Estudio de los efectos de la cavitación en toberas de inyección diesel sobre el proceso de inyección y el de formación de hollín

Leon¹,

La²

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Review of stability of liquid jets and the influence of nozzle design

Cited by 335 publications

References 47 publications

Surface Behavior of Hydrated Guanidinium and Ammonium Ions: A Comparative Study by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Surface Behavior of Hydrated Guanidinium and Ammonium Ions: A Comparative Study by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics

Effect of nozzle length on gas entrainment characteristics of vertical liquid jet.

Estudio de los efectos de la cavitación en toberas de inyección diesel sobre el proceso de inyección y el de formación de hollín

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