Review of Studies on the Last Enzymes in Bacteriochlorophyll (<i>Bchl</i>) and Chlorophyll (<i>Chl</i>) Biosynthesis

Abstract

This paper summarizes the information available online related to mechanisms of Chlorophyll and Bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis, emphasizing four enzymes in its last steps. The biosynthesis of Chlorophyll (Chl)/Bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) is essential for the occurrence of photosynthesis. Four enzymes catalyze parts of the last chemical reactions steps to biosynthesize Bchl/Chl; they are: The Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) Oxidoreductase (LPOR: EC 1.3.1.33), the Light-Independent Pchlide oxidoreductase (DPOR: EC 1.3.7.7), Chlide Reductase (COR: EC 1.3.99.35) and the Divinyl Reductase (DVR: EC 1.3.1.75). These enzymes catalyze the reductions reactions of tetrapyrrole's rings in the Chlorophyll and Bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis process. This review has the aim to organize, analyze and compare the most important discoveries related to these four enzymes discovered so far. The comparisons are made with the information from the bibliography used, and the sequence of these enzymes got from online database. Sequence alignment, phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis of all the four enzymes was conducted to find their levels of similarities.

Discovery, SAR, and putative mode of action of N‐benzyl‐2‐methoxybenzamides as potential bleaching herbicides

“…Further analysis suggested that an electronic effect of the substituent on the benzylamine moiety had little impact on herbicidal activity. For example, the 3-methylbenzylamine derivative (16) showed activity comparable with that of fluorinated benzylamine derivatives (3,4,7). It seems that the herbicidal activity of the derivatives was strongly affected by a steric effect of the substituents on the benzylamine moiety.…”

“…Bleaching herbicides usually have low toxicity to mammals and have attracted increasing interest from chemists. Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO), the last enzyme common to both chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis, is a target of Protox herbicides 3 . Diphenyl ether (nitrofen), oxadiazolinone (oxadiazon) and tetrahydrophthalimide (chlorophthalim) are three classes of PPO inhibitors developed in the 1960s to 1980s, and many other non‐classical Protox chemistries have been introduced since 4–7 .…”

“…Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO), the last enzyme common to both chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis, is a target of Protox herbicides. 3 Diphenyl ether (nitrofen), oxadiazolinone (oxadiazon) and tetrahydrophthalimide (chlorophthalim) are three classes of PPO inhibitors developed in the 1960s to 1980s, and many other non-classical Protox chemistries have been introduced since. [4][5][6][7] Norflurazon, picolinafen and diflufenican are inhibitors of phytoene desaturase (PDS), which catalyzes the desaturation of phytoene in carotenoid biosynthesis.…”

Fortuitous events in the evolution of Light-dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase

“…Photosynthesis takes place with the help of the tetrapyrrolic light absorbing pigment molecules bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) and chlorophylls (Chls) in anoxygenic and oxygenic phototrophs respectively (Chen et al 2010;Nascimento et al 2016). The light-dependent reaction takes place in photosynthetic membranes and begins with photon absorption by pigment molecules associated with antennae proteins, followed by excitation energy transfer to the reaction centres (RC).…”