Review of Techniques to Achieve Optical Surface Cleanliness and Their Potential Application to Surgical Endoscopes

Abstract

A clear visualization of the operative field is of critical importance in endoscopic surgery. During surgery the endoscope lens can get fouled by body fluids (eg, blood), ground substance, rinsing fluid, bone dust, or smoke plumes, resulting in visual impairment. As a result, surgeons spend part of the procedure on intermittent cleaning of the endoscope lens. Current cleaning methods that rely on manual wiping or a lens irrigation system are still far from ideal, leading to longer procedure times, dirtying of the surgical site, and reduced visual acuity, potentially reducing patient safety. With the goal of finding a solution to these issues, a literature review was conducted to identify and categorize existing techniques capable of achieving optically clean surfaces, and to show which techniques can potentially be implemented in surgical practice. The review found that the most promising method for achieving surface cleanliness consists of a hybrid solution, namely, that of a hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating on the endoscope lens and the use of the existing lens irrigation system.

Polyolefin-Supported Hydrogels for Selective Cleaning Treatments of Paintings

“…EO9A (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer mono (2-ethylhexyl) ether acrylate) was synthesized in the same way as EO3A, using EO9 instead of EO3 yielding 2.00 g (86%) of a viscous, slightly yellow liquid. 1 BPAAm (N-(4-benzoylphenyl)acrylamide) was synthesized from 4-aminobenzophenone and acryloyl chloride in analogy to the literature using sodium carbonate instead of TEA [56].…”

“…), and AIBN (0.022 mmol, 0.004 g) in dry dioxane (15 mL) was purged with argon for 15 min and stirred for 24 h at 65 • C. The product was precipitated in ethyl acetate (EA, five-fold volume of reaction mixture), separated from the solvent by centrifugation, and dried overnight under reduced pressure to yield 0.271 g (60%) of a white powder. 1 PAMB AM 94 /B35A 5 /BPAAm 1 : A mixture of AM (6.26 mmol, 0.445 g, 94 mole equiv. ), B35A (0.333 mmol, 0.400 g, 5 mole equiv.…”

“…), and AIBN (0.033 mmol, 0.005 g) in dry dioxane (15 mL) was purged with argon for 15 min and stirred for 24 h at 65 • C. The product was isolated as stated for PAMX with a yield of 0.717 g (83%) as white powder. 1…”

“…The efficient decontamination of surfaces aiming at the removal of small molecular species and particulate contaminants is of critical concern in diverse industries and routine procedures. Prominent examples include cleaning of optical components [1,2], microelectronics [3], medical environments [4,5], and cultural heritage objects [6][7][8][9]. Since the 1980s, diverse pastes and gel systems [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] composed of polymers and customized solutions have been employed for art conservation [18].…”

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of suction-tip forceps, a new tool for laparoscopic surgery, in patients with gastric cancer: Preliminary results from a prospective trial

“…This one-handed substitution is somewhat complex and takes time. If a substitution period takes too long, small intraoperative bleeding is likely to penetrate the surrounding tissue, which discolors the surrounding tissues with a reddish hue making identification of dissection layers difficult even after blood aspiration [6]. To address this limitation, here is one surgical tool, composed of the conventional forceps (inserted through an incision) and connected with an external suction tube, developed for use in uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery [7].…”