Review of the Current Situation of Cd Contamination in Agricultural Field in the Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Northwestern Thailand

Akkajit, Pensiri

doi:10.35762/aer.2015.37.1.8

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In 2004, an estimated 8,350,185.05 acres of rice fields were contaminated with cadmium, impacting 12 villages with a total population of 12,075 [6]. Similar to Cd pollution levels in the Mae Sot region, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) reported that Cd levels in rice grains were 90% higher than the recommended safety levels [7]; this was in agreement with our findings and other published studies about Cd contamination in an agricultural field in the Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Northwestern Thailand [8,9]. The Cd concentration in unhusked rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains ranged from 0.04 to 1.75 mg Cd/kg, and more than half of the households' rice contained Cd levels higher than the CODEX-mandated critical level of 0.4 mg Cd/kg refined rice [10].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Cadmium Exposure and Renal Function Biomarkers: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Thailand’s Tak Province Population

et al. 2023

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Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that has been recognized as significant to environmental health. Thailand’s Tak Province, known for its historical mining and agricultural activities, has been identified as an area of high cadmium exposure. The objective of this investigation was to assess urinary cadmium (UCd), metallothionine in serum (B-MT-1), and kidney injured molecular-1 in urine (U-KIM-1). The target population and study area comprised individuals born between 1992–1999 in the zinc-mining areas of the Phatapadaeng, Mae Tao, and Mae Ku subdistricts of Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand. The sample size was 122 participants and the criteria for inclusion were the individuals rechecked for UCd in 2016. The case definition included testing for UCd by ICP-MS, early renal dysfunction (U-KIM-1), amounts exceeding 0.20 µg/gCr, and environmental exposure to cadmium, indicated by B-MT-1 using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient (r), chi-square (χ2), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 0.05 level of statistical significance to make inferences. The results indicate that 90.16% of the urine samples contained cadmium concentrations between 0.20 and 0.49 µg/gCr. The prevalence of MT-1 and KIM-1 in individuals aged 19–21 was 19.35% and 17.59%, respectively. We found that MT-1 was significantly higher among the residents of Phatadpadaeng, whereas KIM-1 was dominant among Mae Ku subdistrict participants. Females aged 15–18 and 19–21 had higher levels of MT-1 and KIM-1 compared to males in both age groups. The concentration of UCd was found to be higher among participants aged 15–18 and 19–21 years with UCd levels ranging between 0.20–0.49 µg/gCr-MT-1 and 0.50–0.80 µg/gCr-KIM-1. There was no correlation between age, gender, or region and MT-1 and KIM-1 detection. Menstruation is one of the risk factors for iron loss resulting in iron deficiency among teenage girls, and thus a source of cadmium bioavailability in the body. We, therefore, recommend that relevant authorities should focus on carrying out periodic surveillance among women aged 19 to 21 to identify those affected and subject them to treatment.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Cadmium Exposure and Renal Function Biomarkers: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Thailand’s Tak Province Population

et al. 2023

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“…The phytotoxicity during the time period over 90 days of the experiment shows that have exhibit toxicity symptoms in the treatment process with Pb but without EDTA, with Pb and EDTA 0.01 mM L −1 and treatment of Pb and EDTA 0.02 mM L that, C. esculenta exhibited toxicity in the treatment of Pb and EDTA 0.03 mM L − symptoms included, for example, wilting leaves, curling leaves, yellow color appearing in leaf margins and plants eventually dying (Akkajit, 2015). Moreover, Pb might be able to interfere with and resist the process of photosynthesis by absorbing nutrients into plants.…”

Section: Effects Of Pb and Edta On Esculentamentioning

confidence: 97%

Pb Removal from Contaminated Water Using EDTA with Colocasiaesculenta (L.) Schott at Klity Creek, Kanchanaburi, Thailand

Sampanpanish¹,

Hongpiriyakul²

2018

American Journal of Environmental Sciences

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This study investigated lead (Pb) removal using a plant called'Elephant Ear' (Colocasiaesculenta (L.) Schott) from contaminated waterat Klity Creek, located in Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Plants weregrown in contaminated water with lead carbonate (Pb(CO 3) 2) in a nursery. The experiment was divided into 4 sets; (1) With Pb but without EDTA, (2) With Pb and EDTA 0.01 millimole (mM) per liter (mM L −1), (3) With Pband EDTA 0.02 mM L −1 and (4) With Pb and EDTA 0.03 mM L-1. These plants were grown, maintained and harvested every 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. Plant samples were separated into three parts; leaf, petiole and root. They were analyzed in terms of total lead (TPb) content, including the water solution. The results showed that Pb accumulation in Elephant ear was relatively significant in all of the experiment sets (p<0.05) at 15 days. The results showed that Pb accumulation in the whole plant was highest at 90 days. This study showed that Pb absorption in plant was enhanced when the concentration of EDTA increased. Plants showed that Pb accumulation in roots > petioles > leaves were significant with 502.84, 126.19 and 91.06 mg kg −1 (p<0.05) at EDTA of 0.02 mM set, respectively. Plants exhibited signs of phytotoxicity, such as wilting and curling of their leaves, yellow color appearing in the leaf margins and the plants eventually dying. These effects could be used as an indicator for determining the presence of Pb in contaminated water and soil.

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“…Both creeks finally run to the Mei river, the border line of Thailand and Myanmar (Kosolsaksakul et al, 2014). Public Company Limited was the largest Zn mine in Southeast Asia and has been operated in this area for more than 30 years (Akkajit, 2015). The production capacity of Zn was about 110,000 metric tons per year (Akkajit, 2015).…”

Section: Scope Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Public Company Limited was the largest Zn mine in Southeast Asia and has been operated in this area for more than 30 years (Akkajit, 2015). The production capacity of Zn was about 110,000 metric tons per year (Akkajit, 2015). Waste generation from Zn mine, including Cd as a by-product (U.S.EPA, 2000a), and natural soil erosion in potential Zn mineral area were reported to be the significant sources of soil, water and plant contamination in this area (Simmons et al, 2005;DPIM, 2010;Kosolsaksakul et al, 2014;Sriprachote et al, 2014;Akkajit, 2015).…”

Section: Scope Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human health risk assessment of cadmium exposure through rice consumption in Mae Tao, Mae Sot District, Tak province

Suwatvitayakorn

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Mae Tao sub-district is located in the Mae Tao watershed, an important Cd contaminated area in Thailand. This study was conducted to i) investigate total Cd concentration in rice from households in the Mae Tao sub-district and ii) estimate health risks from Cd exposure through rice consumption. A total number of 159 rice samples were collected from households in all 6 villages of the Mae Tao sub-district. These rice samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid and analyzed by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Biodata information and rice consumption behavior were surveyed from the local residents at the same time of rice sample collection to estimate health risks. The results found that the average total Cd concentration in all rice samples (0.2843 mg kg-1) were within the CODEX maximum standard for Cd in rice (0.4 mg kg-1). However, about 19.5% of all rice samples had Cd concentration exceeded the CODEX maximum standard for Cd in rice. There were no significant difference in total Cd concentration between white jasmine rice and sticky rice (p>0.05). However, locally grown rice usually contained higher total Cd concentration than the purchased rice by 1.48 times. When compare the total Cd concentration in each village, the average total Cd concentrations in rice samples from Mae Tao Klang (village No.2) (0.4151 mg kg-1) and Mae Tao San Rongrian (village No.4) (0.5097 mg kg-1) exceeded the CODEX maximum standard by about 1.04 and 1.27 times, respectively. The Cd exposure from the only sticky rice consumption pattern was the highest (2.26 ? 10-3 mg kg-1 day-1), followed by both types of rice consumption pattern (1.39 ? 10-3 mg kg-1 day-1) and the only white jasmine rice consumption pattern (6.30 ? 10-4 mg kg-1 day-1). The Cd exposure in each rice consumption pattern was mainly influenced by the total Cd concentration in rice and the ingestion rate of the local residents. According to the health risk assessment between different rice consumption patterns, the average HQ value of the only sticky rice consumption pattern was the highest (2.2633), followed by both types of rice consumption pattern (1.3870) and the only sticky rice consumption pattern (0.6303). The overall results indicate that the local residents who consumed only sticky rice and both types of rice on a daily basis could experience non-carcinogenic health impacts from Cd exposure through rice consumption.

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Review of the Current Situation of Cd Contamination in Agricultural Field in the Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Northwestern Thailand

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Cadmium Exposure and Renal Function Biomarkers: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Thailand’s Tak Province Population

Cadmium Exposure and Renal Function Biomarkers: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Thailand’s Tak Province Population

Pb Removal from Contaminated Water Using EDTA with Colocasiaesculenta (L.) Schott at Klity Creek, Kanchanaburi, Thailand

Human health risk assessment of cadmium exposure through rice consumption in Mae Tao, Mae Sot District, Tak province

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