Review of the Current State of UAV Regulations

Stöcker, Claudia; Bennett, Rohan; Nex, Francesco; Gerke, M.; Zevenbergen, J.A.

doi:10.3390/rs9050459

Cited by 471 publications

(341 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Finally, legal frameworks aimed at regulating civil drone use are becoming more restrictive [76]. This means that indigenous communities may in many countries see the potential of drones drastically reduced.…”

Section: Lessons Learnt From Initial Experiences Using Drones With Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grassroots Innovation Using Drones for Indigenous Mapping and Monitoring

Paneque-Gálvez

Vargas-Ramírez

Napoletano

et al. 2017

Land

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Indigenous territories are facing increasing pressures from numerous legal and illegal activities that are pushing commodity frontiers within their limits, frequently causing severe environmental degradation and threatening indigenous territorial rights and livelihoods. In Central and South America, after nearly three decades of participatory mapping projects, interest is mounting among indigenous peoples in the use of new technologies for community mapping and monitoring as a means of defense against such threats. Since 2014, several innovative projects have been developed and implemented in the region to demonstrate and train indigenous communities in the use of small drones for territorial mapping and monitoring. In this paper, we report on five projects carried out in Peru, Guyana, and Panama. For each one we describe the context, main objectives, positive outcomes, challenges faced, and opportunities ahead. Preliminary results are promising and have gained the interest of many indigenous societies who envision this technology as a powerful tool to protect their territories and strengthen their claims regarding specific environmental liabilities and justice issues. Based on the results presented here and a review of previous similar studies, we offer a critical discussion of some of the main opportunities and challenges that we foresee regarding the use of small drones for indigenous territorial mapping and monitoring. In addition, we elaborate on why a careful, well thought-out, and progressive adoption of drones by indigenous peoples may trigger grassroots innovations in ways conducive to greater environmental justice and sustainability.

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Section: Lessons Learnt From Initial Experiences Using Drones With Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grassroots Innovation Using Drones for Indigenous Mapping and Monitoring

Paneque-Gálvez

Vargas-Ramírez

Napoletano

et al. 2017

Land

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“…This advantage is particularly important for first responder teams such as UNDAC (United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination). Stöcker et al (2017) published a review of different state regulations that are characterized by several differences regarding requirements, distance from the take-off point and maximum altitude. Another important feature of RPASs is their adaptability, which allows for use in various types of missions, and in particular for monitoring operations in remote and dangerous areas (Obanawa et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: the use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) for natural hazards monitoring and management

Giordan

Hayakawa

Nex

et al. 2018

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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145

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Abstract. The number of scientific studies that consider possible applications of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) for the management of natural hazards effects and the identification of occurred damages strongly increased in the last decade. Nowadays, in the scientific community, the use of these systems is not a novelty, but a deeper analysis of the literature shows a lack of codified complex methodologies that can be used not only for scientific experiments but also for normal codified emergency operations. RPASs can acquire on-demand ultra-high-resolution images that can be used for the identification of active processes such as landslides or volcanic activities but can also define the effects of earthquakes, wildfires and floods. In this paper, we present a review of published literature that describes experimental methodologies developed for the study and monitoring of natural hazards. IntroductionIn the last three decades, the number of natural disasters showed a positive trend with an increase in the number of affected populations. Disasters not only affected the poor and characteristically more vulnerable countries but also those thought to be better protected. The Annual Disaster Statistical Review describes recent impacts of natural disasters on the population and reports 342 naturally triggered disasters in 2016 (Guha-Sapir et al., 2017). This is less than the annual average disaster frequency observed from 2006 to 2015 (376.4 events). However, natural disasters are still responsible for a high number of casualties (8733 death). In the period 2006-2015, the average number of causalities caused annually by natural disasters is 69 827. In 2016, hydrological disasters (177) had the largest share in natural disaster occurrence (51.8 %), followed by meteorological disasters (96; 28.1 %), climatological disasters (38; 11.1 %) and geophysical disasters (31; 9.1 %) (Guha-Sapir et al., 2017). To face these disasters, one of the most important solutions is the use of systems able to provide an adequate level of information for correctly understanding these events and their evolution. In this context, surveying and monitoring natural hazards gained importance. In particular, during the emergency phase it is very important to evaluate and control the phenomenon of evolution, preferably operating in near real time or real time, and consequently, use this information for a better risk assessment scenario. The available acquired data must be processed rapidly to support the emergency services and decision makers.Recently, the use of remote sensing (satellite and airborne platform) in the field of natural hazards and disasters has become common, also supported by the increase in geospatial technologies and the ability to provide and process up-to-date imagery (Joyce et al., 2009;Tarolli, 2014). Remotely sensed data play an integral role in predicting hazard events such as floods and landslides, subsidence events and other ground instabilities. Because of their acquisition mode and capabilPublished by Copern...

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“…As a starting point, and agreeing with Stöcker et al (2017), all drone regulations have one common goal: "minimizing the risks to other airspace users and to both people and property on the ground". They propose to analyse the different parts that national regulations cover:…”

Section: Drones' European Legal and Ethical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legal and Ethical Recommendations

Molina

Montagud

2017

SpringerBriefs in Law

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European countries have fragmented regulations about the manufacture and operation of civil drones; therefore, European institutions are trying to combine all these regulations into a common one by 2019. Until this common framework arrives, not only law but also ethics can give guidelines to the industry to satisfy national standards as well as users' concerns. The European Aviation Safety Agency promotes the highest common standards of safety and develops common safety rules at the European level. This agency and its national equivalents monitor the activity of producers and operators, but, depending on the size of the drone, this activity could cover regulation measures or ethical recommendations. In this sense the aim of our analysis is to categorize the types of hard-soft regulations that we find in the European Union. Our study is based on a content analysis from four sources of information: scientific papers, policies and regulation proposals from the European Union, the regulation and co-regulation of some European countries, and the self-regulation of some drone companies' associations. In general, few countries have chosen self-regulation as a solution to the problems, although in other economic sectors there are positive experiences. With our results we would like to give advice to the European industry as well as providing academia and policy makers with new insights.

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Review of the Current State of UAV Regulations

Cited by 471 publications

References 42 publications

Grassroots Innovation Using Drones for Indigenous Mapping and Monitoring

Grassroots Innovation Using Drones for Indigenous Mapping and Monitoring

Review article: the use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) for natural hazards monitoring and management

Legal and Ethical Recommendations

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