Review of the Effects of Glycerol-Containing Hyperhydration Solutions on Gastric Emptying and Intestinal Absorption in Humans and in Rats

Goulet, Eric

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.5.547

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…When compared with water ingestion alone however, fluid retention is increased (~8 ml.kg -1 body mass) when osmotically active agents such as sodium or glycerol are consumed with the fluid [13]. Furthermore, the addition of glucose to a solution containing glycerol may further enhance fluid absorption and be of further benefit from a metabolic perspective [17]. A recent meta-analysis concluded that the use of glycerol hyperhydration in hot conditions provides a small (3% power output, Effect Size=0.35) but worthwhile enhancement to prolonged exercise performance above hyperhydration with water [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions

Ross

Jeacocke

Laursen

et al. 2012

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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BackgroundHypohydration and hyperthermia are factors that may contribute to fatigue and impairment of endurance performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of combining glycerol hyperhydration and an established precooling technique on cycling time trial performance in hot environmental conditions.MethodsTwelve well-trained male cyclists performed three 46.4-km laboratory-based cycling trials that included two climbs, under hot and humid environmental conditions (33.3 ± 1.1°C; 50 ± 6% r.h.). Subjects were required to hyperhydrate with 25 g.kg-1 body mass (BM) of a 4°C beverage containing 6% carbohydrate (CON) 2.5 h prior to the time trial. On two occasions, subjects were also exposed to an established precooling technique (PC) 60 min prior to the time trial, involving 14 g.kg-1 BM ice slurry ingestion and applied iced towels over 30 min. During one PC trial, 1.2 g.kg-1 BM glycerol was added to the hyperhydration beverage in a double-blind fashion (PC+G). Statistics used in this study involve the combination of traditional probability statistics and a magnitude-based inference approach.ResultsHyperhydration resulted in large reductions (−0.6 to −0.7°C) in rectal temperature. The addition of glycerol to this solution also lowered urine output (330 ml, 10%). Precooling induced further small (−0.3°C) to moderate (−0.4°C) reductions in rectal temperature with PC and PC+G treatments, respectively, when compared with CON (0.0°C, P<0.05). Overall, PC+G failed to achieve a clear change in cycling performance over CON, but PC showed a possible 2% (30 s, P=0.02) improvement in performance time on climb 2 compared to CON. This improvement was attributed to subjects’ lower perception of effort reported over the first 10 km of the trial, despite no clear performance change during this time. No differences were detected in any other physiological measurements throughout the time trial.ConclusionsDespite increasing fluid intake and reducing core temperature, performance and thermoregulatory benefits of a hyperhydration strategy with and without the addition of glycerol, plus practical precooling, were not superior to hyperhydration alone. Further research is warranted to further refine preparation strategies for athletes competing in thermally stressful events to optimize health and maximize performance outcomes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions

Ross

Jeacocke

Laursen

et al. 2012

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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“…numerous studies, reviewed by Goulet (2009), in humans and rats, showing that solutions containing glycerol maintain fluid retention. Furthermore, combining glycerol with glucose in a 2:1 ratio is reported to improve the rate of water and electrolyte absorption in rats (Allen et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Oral rehydration solution with glycerol to dairy calves: Effects on fluid balance, metabolism, and intestinal microbiota

Omazic

Tråvén

Roos

et al. 2013

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A – Animal Science

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Response to glycerol and glucose as an additive for oral rehydration solution (ORS) was investigated in two trials comprising of total 24 young calves. The aim was to prevent dehydration and energy deficiency and to increase the population of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal microbiota. Calves responded with a modest elevation of glucose and insulin in plasma when fed ORS with glycerol/glucose. The glycerol/glucose mixture concentration in plasma increased markedly following an oral glycerol load. There was no increase in 1,3-propanediol, and the VFA pattern was unchanged in calves receiving ORS containing glycerol/glucose mixture, indicating that glycerol was rapidly absorbed into blood. Numbers of enterobacteria and lactobacilli were not affected by treatment, and glycerol-utilizing Lactobacillus reuteri was detected in calf feces irrespective of treatment and sampling time. In conclusion, glycerol can be used as a component of ORS for young calves without negative impact on calf performance and health.

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“…The percent increase in the (PeA/L) of ketotifen fumarate in jejunum and ascending colon after addition of 15% ethanol was almost 100% in both segments respectively. Glycerol had increased the The major reason for this increase of the absorptive clearance upon addition of ethanol, glycerol, and propylene may be due to membrane fluidization effect of these cosolvents and disruption of the lipid bilayer structure which enhances transcellular absorption of ketotifen fumarate [26][27][28][29] .Sinceour results had shown that ketotifen fumarate is dependent mainly on the transcellular diffusive pathway in its transport across the intestinal membrane ( Table 3) so that these cosolvents had a highly significant effect on the transcellular absorption of this compound in both ISSN: 2357-0547 (Print)…”

Section: Effect Of Cosolvents On Membrane Transport Parameters Of Ketmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So that it easily partitioned into the phospholipid structure of the cell membrane resulting in an increase in the transcellular diffusive absorption. Furthermore, both ethanol and glycerol are potent inhibitors to pglycoprotein [25][26][27][28] . This inhibits the back efflux of the drug to the intestinal lumen with subsequent increase in absorptive clearance of ketotifen fumarate.…”

Section: Research Article / Japr Issn: 2357-0539 (Online)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Cosolvents on the Absorptive Clearance of Ketotifen Fumarate From Rabbit Intestine, in-Situ

El‐Gizawy

Osman

Ibrahim

2018

Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Research

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Objective: Investigate the effect of ethanol, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitol on the absorptive clearance of ketotifen fumarate in the rabbit. Methods: In-situ intestinal perfusion technique, ̎ through and through ̎ was used for estimation of membrane transport parameters of ketotifen fumarate from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and ascending colon in the rabbit. These parameters include absorptive clearance per unit length PeA/L (ml/min.cm), percentage fraction absorbed per unit length (% Fa/cm) and anatomical length that required for complete absorption in specific segment (L95%). Results: The absorption was in the order ascending colon> duodenum > jejunum> ileum; where the absorptive clearance normalized to intestinal segment length PeA/L (ml/min.cm) was 0.0071 ± 0.0003, 0.0058 ± 0.0001, 0.0051 ± 0.0001, and 0.0047 ± 0.0001 in each segment respectively. The effect of cosolvents in jejunum was in the order; ethanol 15% >glycerol 30% > propylene glycol (PG40%) > polyethylene glycol400 (PEG-400 40%) >sorbitol 40%, Where the absorptive clearance normalized to intestinal segment length PeA/L (ml/min.cm), mean ± SE was: 0.0142 ±0.0011, 0.0086 ± 0.0002, 0.0075 ± 0.0003, 0.0022 ± 0.0001, and 0.0014 ± 0.0001 for each cosolvents respectively. The same order was obtained in the ascending colon. Conclusion: The enhancing action of the ethanol, propylene glycol and glycerol may be due fluidization of the cell membrane with a subsequent increase in transcellular absorption, while the inhibitory effect of polyethylene glycol and sorbitol could attributed to water secretion, H-bonding formation and reduced thermodynamic activity of drug molecules.

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Review of the Effects of Glycerol-Containing Hyperhydration Solutions on Gastric Emptying and Intestinal Absorption in Humans and in Rats

Cited by 10 publications

References 40 publications

Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions

Effects of lowering body temperature via hyperhydration, with and without glycerol ingestion and practical precooling on cycling time trial performance in hot and humid conditions

Oral rehydration solution with glycerol to dairy calves: Effects on fluid balance, metabolism, and intestinal microbiota

Influence of Cosolvents on the Absorptive Clearance of Ketotifen Fumarate From Rabbit Intestine, in-Situ

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