Review of the Impact of Apple Fruit Ripening, Texture and Chemical Contents on Genetically Determined Susceptibility to Storage Rots

Nybom, Hilde; Ahmadi-Afzadi, Masoud; Rumpunen, Kimmo; Tahir, Ibrahim

doi:10.3390/plants9070831

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(253 reference statements)

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“…production, ripening and eventually senescence of apples (DeEll et al, 2007;Lee et al, 2016), while resistance to fungal decay decreases as fruit begin to ripen and senesce (Neri et al, 2019;Nybom et al, 2020;Prusky et al, 2013). Fungal decay was the major cause of postharvest losses and the incidence increased during shelf life as reported previously (Neri et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Characterization and Quantification of Postharvest Losses of Apple Fruit Stored under Commercial Conditions

Argenta¹,

Freitas²,

Mattheis³

et al. 2021

horts

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The objectives of this study were to characterize and quantify postharvest losses of apples under commercial conditions in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. Two experiments were conducted using ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples. The first experiment was to characterize and quantify the most important causes of loss of fruit treated or not treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) then held in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. This experiment was conducted in commercial storage facilities from 2007 to 2010. In each year, 10 samples of ≈380 kg each for ‘Gala’ and 400 kg each for ‘Fuji’ were collected from bins of commercially harvested fruit from each of 15 ‘Gala’ and 17 ‘Fuji’ orchards. Half of the samples from each orchard were treated with 1-MCP at harvest. Fruit were stored in CA, at 0.7 °C, for 150 to 300 days. After storage, one subsample of 100 disorder-free apples were selected from each sample and held at 22 °C for 7 days to simulate shelf-life conditions. The fruit were analyzed after CA storage and shelf life for the incidence of disorders. The second experiment was conducted in 2011 to identify the main fungi causing decay during storage. In this study, apples were stored in 10 commercial CA storage rooms at 0.7 °C for 180 to 240 days. After storage, fruit with decay symptoms were collected at the commercial sorting line. A total of 10 samples of 100 decayed apples were taken throughout the sorting period for each cultivar and storage room. The fungal decays were identified by visual symptoms on each fruit. Total apple losses during storage varied from 3.9% to 12.1% for ‘Gala’ and 6.6% to 8.4% for ‘Fuji’, depending on the year and 1-MCP treatment. During storage, deterioration caused by fungal decay was ≈60% and 80% of total losses for ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’, respectively. During shelf life, additional losses caused by fungal decay ranged from 8.4% to 17.6% for ‘Gala’ and 12.4% to 27.2% for ‘Fuji’, depending on the year. Senescent breakdown and superficial scald were the major physiological disorders. 1-MCP treatment had no effect on losses due to decay. Bull’s-eye rot, blue mold, gray mold, and alternaria rot were the most prevalent fungal decay symptoms, accounting for 52%, 27%, 9% and 10% of ‘Gala’ losses and 42%, 25%, 18% and 5% of ‘Fuji’ losses, respectively. Sources of variability for losses among years and orchards is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Characterization and Quantification of Postharvest Losses of Apple Fruit Stored under Commercial Conditions

Argenta¹,

Freitas²,

Mattheis³

et al. 2021

horts

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“…), and bull’s eye rot ( Neofabraea spp.) have been carried out in collections of cultivated apples and wild germplasm (review in Nybom et al [ 171 ]). Correspondence between studies where the same genotypes have been inoculated with the same fungus is often rather low, suggesting that environmental variability during tree growth and fruit development and during the inoculations (including source of inoculum) and evaluations play a large role despite carefully developed phenotyping protocols [ 172 ].…”

Section: Phenotypic Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Large-Scale Genotyping and Phenotyping of Plant Genetic Resources of Vegetatively Propagated Crops

Nybom

Lācis

2021

Plants

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Several recent national and international projects have focused on large-scale genotyping of plant genetic resources in vegetatively propagated crops like fruit and berries, potatoes and woody ornamentals. The primary goal is usually to identify true-to-type plant material, detect possible synonyms, and investigate genetic diversity and relatedness among accessions. A secondary goal may be to create sustainable databases that can be utilized in research and breeding for several years ahead. Commonly applied DNA markers (like microsatellite DNA and SNPs) and next-generation sequencing each have their pros and cons for these purposes. Methods for large-scale phenotyping have lagged behind, which is unfortunate since many commercially important traits (yield, growth habit, storability, and disease resistance) are difficult to score. Nevertheless, the analysis of gene action and development of robust DNA markers depends on environmentally controlled screening of very large sets of plant material. Although more time-consuming, co-operative projects with broad-scale data collection are likely to produce more reliable results. In this review, we will describe some of the approaches taken in genotyping and/or phenotyping projects concerning a wide variety of vegetatively propagated crops.

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“…Gray mold caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea is a major postharvest disease of apple fruits throughout the world ( Konstantinou et al, 2011 ; Nybom et al, 2020 ). Infections by the pathogen occur mostly through wounds caused during harvest or during postharvest processes in the packing house, while B. cinerea can also infect apple fruits during bloom or just after fruit setting through the open calyx of the fruits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the disease symptoms appear on the infected fruits during storage. Symptoms consist in the appearance of light tan to dark brown lesions that are irregular in shape without well-defined margins between healthy and decayed tissues ( Konstantinou et al, 2011 ; Nybom et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling Interactions of the Necrotrophic Fungal Species Botrytis cinerea With 1-Methylcyclopropene or Ozone-Treated Apple Fruit Using Proteomic Analysis

Testempasis

Tanou²,

Minas

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Gray mold caused by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is one of the major postharvest diseases of apple fruit. The exogenous application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and gaseous ozone (O 3) is commonly used to ensure postharvest fruit quality. However, the effect of these treatments on the susceptibility of apple fruit to postharvest pathogens remains largely unknown. Herein, the effect of O 3 and 1-MCP treatments on the development of gray mold on apple fruit (cv. “Granny Smith”) was investigated. Artificially inoculated apple fruits, treated or not with 1-MCP, were subjected for 2 months to cold storage [0°C, relative humidity (RH) 95%] either in an O3-enriched atmosphere or in a conventional cold chamber. Minor differences between 1-MCP-treated and control fruits were found in terms of disease expression; however, exposure to ozone resulted in a decrease of disease severity by more than 50% compared with 1-MCP-treated and untreated fruits. Proteomic analysis was conducted to determine proteome changes in the mesocarp tissue of control and 1-MCP- or O3-treated fruits in the absence or in the presence of inoculation with B. cinerea. In the non-inoculated fruits, 26 proteins were affected by 1-MCP, while 51 proteins were altered by ozone. Dynamic changes in fruit proteome were also observed in response to B. cinerea. In O3-treated fruits, a significant number of disease/defense-related proteins were increased in comparison with control fruit. Among these proteins, higher accumulation levels were observed for allergen, major allergen, ACC oxidase, putative NBS-LRR disease resistance protein, major latex protein (MLP)-like protein, or 2-Cys peroxiredoxin. In contrast, most of these proteins were down-accumulated in 1-MCP-treated fruits that were challenged with B. cinerea. These results suggest that ozone exposure may contribute to the reduction of gray mold in apple fruits, while 1-MCP was not effective in affecting this disease. This is the first study deciphering differential regulations of apple fruit proteome upon B. cinerea infection and postharvest storage treatments, underlying aspects of host response related to the gray mold disease.

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Review of the Impact of Apple Fruit Ripening, Texture and Chemical Contents on Genetically Determined Susceptibility to Storage Rots

Cited by 34 publications

References 97 publications

Characterization and Quantification of Postharvest Losses of Apple Fruit Stored under Commercial Conditions

Characterization and Quantification of Postharvest Losses of Apple Fruit Stored under Commercial Conditions

Recent Large-Scale Genotyping and Phenotyping of Plant Genetic Resources of Vegetatively Propagated Crops

Unraveling Interactions of the Necrotrophic Fungal Species Botrytis cinerea With 1-Methylcyclopropene or Ozone-Treated Apple Fruit Using Proteomic Analysis

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