“…Moreover, Even though service practitioners are among the primary stakeholders who deliver services and cultural experiences for the tourists, there has been lack of attention on embracing their problems, needs, and values into the tourism systems [2,33]. Instead, many of the tourism systems have been developed in a way that makes tourists skip the interaction with other stakeholders, such as full-automated service systems [34] or information kiosks [35]. In this regard, STS perspective suggests a smart tourism design opportunity that enables the joint-optimization of various subsystems, such as social subsystems, technical subsystems, and environmental subsystems [11,12,36].…”