Review of the molluscicide metaldehyde in the environment

Castle, Glenn D.; Mills, Graham A.; Gravell, Anthony; Jones, Lewis L.; Townsend, Ian; Cameron, David G.; Fones, Gary R.

doi:10.1039/c7ew00039a

Cited by 72 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…Metaldehyde is a toxic organic compound used in pesticide formulations to prevent attack of slugs and snails on crops. The high solubility and mobility of metaldehyde in water have caused it to be found in surface waters at levels above the European and UK standard limit of 0.1 μg L −1 for individual pesticides in drinking water [4,8]. Metaldehyde is not easily removed from water by conventional treatment processes and thus poses a challenge to water companies who abstract raw water from rivers and reservoirs to produce drinking water [9].…”

Section: Metaldehyde Removal From Water By Marabu Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Manufacture and Characterisation of Rosid Angiosperm-Derived Biochars Applied to Water Treatment

Idowu¹,

Fletcher²

2019

Bioenerg. Res.

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Marabu (Dichrostachys cinerea) from Cuba and aspen (Populus tremula) from Britain are two rosid angiosperms that grow easily, as a weed and as a phytoremediator, respectively. As part of scientific efforts to valorise these species, their barks and woods were pyrolysed at 350, 450, 550 and 650°C, and the resulting biochars were characterised to determine the potential of the products for particular applications. Percentage carbon composition of the biochars generally increased with pyrolysis temperature, giving biochars with highest carbon contents at 650°C. Biochars produced from the core marabu and aspen wood sections had higher carbon contents (up to 85%) and BET surface areas (up to 381 m 2 g −1) than those produced from the barks. The biochar porous structures were predominantly mesoporous, while micropores were developed in marabu biochars produced at 650°C and aspen biochars produced above 550°C. Chemical and thermal activation of marabu carbon greatly enhanced its adsorption capacity for metaldehyde, a molluscicide that has been detected frequently in UK natural waters above the recommended EU limit.

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Section: Metaldehyde Removal From Water By Marabu Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Manufacture and Characterisation of Rosid Angiosperm-Derived Biochars Applied to Water Treatment

Idowu¹,

Fletcher²

2019

Bioenerg. Res.

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“…2 Metaldehyde is a cyclic tetramer of acetaldehyde (CH 3 CHO); it has a molecular weight of 176.2 g mol −1 and a solubility of 0.188 g L −1 at 20°C, with a log K ow value of 0.12 and log K oc value of 0.18-0.37, indicating that it is soluble at environmentally relevant temperatures and highly mobile in soil which makes it semi-persistent in the aquatic environment. [2][3][4] With rainfall, metaldehyde can be washed down into streams and other surface water bodies which are one of the main water sources used by water treatment plants for drinking water. Therefore, it is important to develop an effective treatment method to lower the concentration of metaldehyde in the water to meet the UK and EU standard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of metaldehyde removal by powdered activated carbon from different water samples

Guo

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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Metaldehyde as a widely used pesticide has been detected in surface water and drinking water in the UK with concentrations higher than the EU and UK standard (0.1 μg L −1 ). Previous studies have shown that powdered activated carbon (PAC) can adsorb metaldehyde even with the presence of natural organic matter, suggesting a promising solution to the problem. This paper studies the adsorption of metaldehyde onto PAC using different water samples including synthetic water, natural surface water, and water samples taken at different treatment processes from a water treatment plant. Metaldehyde (5 μg L −1 ) was effectively removed by PAC (50 mg L −1 ) from all water samples in this study, regardless of the water quality (74.3% to 99.7%). A PAC dosage of 100 mg L −1 was considered appropriate to remove metaldehyde at 5 μg L −1 after the first treatment process of pre-ozone treatment with a maximum adsorption capacity (q m ) of 0.25 μg mg −1 given by the data fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. Removal of metaldehyde by PAC was found to be most effective when PAC was applied after the static flocculation treatment process (98.4%) with a q m of 0.29 μg mg −1 . The low adsorption capacity of PAC for low initial concentrations of metaldehyde solution was observed due to the lower driving force for mass transfer in the process of adsorption and competition with water molecules for adsorption sites on PAC.Metaldehyde is a persistent pesticide in surface water bodies which cannot be removed by traditional technologies in water treatment plants due to its physico-chemical properties. This research suggests that the application of powdered activated carbon after the 'static flocculation' treatment process in a water treatment plant can effectively remove metaldehyde.

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“…Metaldehyde (C 8 H 16 O 4 ), a highly polar organic compound and a cyclic tetramer of aldehyde (CH 3 CHO), is the active ingredient in 80% of slug repellents and it has been widely-used globally for agricultural purposes and gardening. 1 Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetraoxocane and has a molecular mass of 176.21 g mol À1 . The solubility of metaldehyde in water is 0.188 g L À1 at 20 C. 2 Its frequent release and persistence in natural water bodies has been polluting surface water resources, which can be used for drinking water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of humic acid on metaldehyde adsorption onto powdered activated carbon in aqueous solution

Yang

Jäuregui‐Haza

et al. 2019

RSC Adv.

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Review of the molluscicide metaldehyde in the environment

Abstract: Understanding the occurrence, fate and mitigation of the potent molluscicide, metaldehyde in the aquatic environment is now a major concern.

Cited by 72 publications

References 62 publications

The Manufacture and Characterisation of Rosid Angiosperm-Derived Biochars Applied to Water Treatment

The Manufacture and Characterisation of Rosid Angiosperm-Derived Biochars Applied to Water Treatment

Investigation of metaldehyde removal by powdered activated carbon from different water samples

The impact of humic acid on metaldehyde adsorption onto powdered activated carbon in aqueous solution

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