Review of the origin of breccias and their resource potential in the central Africa Copperbelt

Mambwe, Pascal; Swennen, Rudy; Cailteux, Jacques; Chabu, Mumba; Dewaele, Stijn; Muchez, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105389

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…This subdvision is based on the presence of two regional markers formed by two globally significant glacially related diamictite units of Sturnian and Marinoan age, the Mwale, and Kyandamu subgroups at the base of the Nguba and Kundelugu groups, respectively [44]. The lithofacies associated with these diamictite intervals indicate a wide range of depositional regimes including glaciogenic, glaciomarine, glaciofluvial, glaciolucustrine and mass flows [40,45].…”

Section: Geologic Setting Of the Central African Copperbeltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry of Terrestrial Plants in the Central African Copperbelt: Implications for Sediment Hosted Copper-Cobalt Exploration

Mukube,

Hitzman,

Machogo-Phao

et al. 2024

Minerals

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Mineral exploration has increasingly targeted areas covered by in situ or transported overburden for shallow to deep-seated orebodies. It remains critical to develop better means to detect the surficial chemical footprint of mineralized areas covered by thick regolith. In such settings, plant geochemistry could potentially be a useful exploration tool, as different plant species have varying degrees of tolerance to metal enrichment in the soil. This review provides insights into the geological and geochemical controls on metal accumulation patterns in soil–plant systems of the Central African Copperbelt. In addition, it highlights the opportunities for integrating the geochemistry of terrestrial plants in emerging exploration technologies, identifies research gaps, and suggests future directions for developing phytogeochemical sampling techniques. This review was conducted using reputable online scholarly databases targeting original research articles published between January 2005 and March 2023, from which selected articles were identified, screened, and used to explore current advances, opportunities, and future directions for the use of plant geochemistry in sediment hosted Cu–Co exploration in the Central African Copperbelt. Various plant species are recognized as ore deposit indicators through either independent phytogeochemistry or complementary approaches. In the Central African Copperbelt, the successful application of hyperaccumulator species for phytoremediation provides the basis for adopting phytogeochemistry in mineral exploration. Furthermore, current advances in remote sensing, machine learning, and deep learning techniques could enable multi-source data integration and allow for the integration of phytogeochemistry.

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Section: Geologic Setting Of the Central African Copperbeltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry of Terrestrial Plants in the Central African Copperbelt: Implications for Sediment Hosted Copper-Cobalt Exploration

Mukube,

Hitzman,

Machogo-Phao

et al. 2024

Minerals

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“…This study was conducted in the KCB, in the south-east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This region is rich in Cu and Co ores and has localized deposits of Zn, Mn, and U, making it one of the world's most important regions in terms of mineral supply [42,43]. KCB extends over an area more than 500 km long and 50 km wide from Kolwezi to Sakania (Figures 1 and 2).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Ecological Risk Indices for Trace Metals Relevant for Characterizing Polluted Substrates in the Katangese Copperbelt (DR Congo) and for Assessment of the Performance of Remediation Trials?

Langunu,

Kilela Mwanasomwe,

Colinet

et al. 2024

Environments

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This study aims to contribute to the characterization of Katangese Copperbelt’s (DR Congo) mining wastes and soils polluted with trace metals, using pollution indices and direct concentration measurements. This study also evaluated the use of these indices in assessing the success of remediation projects. Data from previous studies and samples collected from six types of discharge and one polluted soil were used to address the first objective. Soil and plant samples were collected at Kipushi and Penga Penga for the second objective. The results reveal very high concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn in all mine tailings and polluted soils, compared with local references. The degree of contamination (DC) values (from 72 to 5440) and potential ecological risk (RI) values (from 549 to 162,091) indicate very high-risk situations associated with polluted discharges and soils. Regarding revegetation trials, the results show lower concentrations and RIs in tree rhizospheres compared with unamended areas at both sites. However, trace metal concentrations are higher in tree rhizospheres compared with local references, and RI values are in the considerable risk range for Penga Penga (RI = 533) and in the very high range (>1500) for Kipushi. Bioconcentration factor values are below 1, indicating low accumulation in roots, wood, and leaves, and low risk of contamination of the trophic chain. In this context, it seems that the pollution indices used are suitable for characterizing pollution and prioritization for remediation. However, there seems unsuitable for assessing the effectiveness of phytotechnology processes based on metal stabilization. Direct plant performance measurements combined with direct measurements of metals in substrates and plants to assess transfer and efficiency are more appropriate.

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Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite chemistry in stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) metallogenic districts: trace element characteristics and factors controlling polymetallic mineralization

Bertrandsson Erlandsson,

Foltyn,

Muchez

et al. 2024

Miner Deposita

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Stratiform sediment-hosted Cu deposits are significant global sources of Cu and other important metals. The Polish Kupferschiefer produces Ag, Au, Pb, Ni, Se, and Re as by-products, whereas Co is one the of most important metals in the stratiform sediment-hosted Cu-Co deposits of the Central African Copperbelt and the Namibian Dolostone Ore Formation deposit. This study combines new and published laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry sulfide trace element data from these stratiform sediment-hosted copper districts. All the investigated districts exhibit sulfides occurring as disseminations and within later veins. Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite trace element contents vary significantly between the metallogenic districts as well as between different ore stages. Random Forest discriminates the stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) districts based on trace element geochemistry. High Ag and Tl in chalcopyrite is attributed to the Polish Kupferschiefer, Ga and Ge to the Katanga Copperbelt, and Zn and In to the Dolostone Ore Formation deposit. Sphalerite from the Polish Kupferschiefer and the Dolostone Ore Formation deposit can be distinguished on the basis of the Fe and Cd contents. Cobalt and As are significantly elevated in pyrite from the Katanga Copperbelt and Mn in pyrite from the Dolostone Ore Formation deposit. The trace element contents also show that the stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) deposit sulfide data cluster separately from other deposit types. The variation in sulfide trace element contents between the three investigated stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) districts suggests that sulfide chemistry is related to the geology of the host basin and the nature of the underlying basement, which includes preexisting ore occurrences.

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Review of the origin of breccias and their resource potential in the central Africa Copperbelt

Cited by 11 publications

References 130 publications

Geochemistry of Terrestrial Plants in the Central African Copperbelt: Implications for Sediment Hosted Copper-Cobalt Exploration

Geochemistry of Terrestrial Plants in the Central African Copperbelt: Implications for Sediment Hosted Copper-Cobalt Exploration

Are Ecological Risk Indices for Trace Metals Relevant for Characterizing Polluted Substrates in the Katangese Copperbelt (DR Congo) and for Assessment of the Performance of Remediation Trials?

Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite chemistry in stratiform sediment-hosted Cu(-Co) metallogenic districts: trace element characteristics and factors controlling polymetallic mineralization

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