Review of the Relation of Density and Refractive Index to the Composition of Glass: I *

Abstract

The density, refractive index, and specific refractivity and their relationship to the composition of glass are discussed. The subject is treated from the standpoint of additive properties based on composition both as to linear and collective or complex functions. Not only are these applied in the rapid checking of constancy of composition in practice but also from the standpoint of possible changes in properties through partial changes of individual components. There is the further possibility of tying up constitution with composition so that a structural analysis may result. The article serves as a review of existing literature and elaborates the possibility of expansion of published data. NOTATIONSsity affects the production cost of articles because the Various authors have adopted different symbols weight per piece depends on it. Density measurement affords a quick check on composition in a plant during routine production. This point will be clarified later for the same expression. ing unified notations will be used:For simplification, the followp,y = weight percentage of X.t P , = mole percentage of X. px = volume percentage of X . w x = weight units of X. = moles of X . ? = density of glass. dx = density factor for X. D-line. nx = refractive index factor for X with respect to sodium D-line. (nc) = refractive index of glass with respect to hydrogen C-line (similar notations for lines of other wave lengths). (nc)x = refractive index factor for X with respect to hydrogen C-line. V = specific volume of glass. vx = specific volume factor for X. k = specific refractivity of glass. kx = specific refractivity factor for X. M = mean molecular weight of glass. Mx = molecular weight of X . V = molecular volume of glass. Vx = molecular volume factor for X . K = molecular refractivity of glass. K s = molecular refractivity factor for S. ?k = refractive index of glass with respect to sodium

Thermal and some physical properties of glasses in the La2O3−CaO−B2O3 ternary system

“…Therefore, glasses with increased La 2 O 3 content are expected to have higher mean polarizability values which are reflected in the n D values, as given in Table 3. This is also in agreement with the empirical correlations of q and n D in glasses [28,29].…”

The Properties of Cenospheres and the Mechanism of Their Formation During High-Temperature Coal Combustion at Thermal Power Plans

“…This can be explained by the presence of small amounts of IMS in FA at the level of 3.0 wt.%. Let us estimate the true density of FA according to a known equation, widely used in the studies of glass and glass-like materials (see references [33][34][35][36][37]…”

The Gladstone–Dale relation: Applications in oxide glasses

“…Conversely, Sun and coworkers had the opinion that the Gladstone-Dale relation was not very accurate for computing properties other than volume and refractivities. [22][23][24] However, like many others, they recognized the usefulness in being able to easily compute values for density or index of refraction with known information.…”

“…During the same time that Young and Finn were doing their research, others were also commenting on how the Gladstone-Dale relation could be used for glasses. [21][22][23][24] For instance, Huggins noted that for boron-containing glasses, there should be different specific refractive values for tetrahedrally and trigonally coordinated structures. 21 He was one of the first to state that compared to other formula that correlates index of refraction to density, the Gladstone-Dale relation is the most simplistic to use, an opinion that most researchers who work with the formula agree to.…”