Review of Unconventional Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes

Abstract

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has become an important part in the energy industry on account of its high energy density, low carbon emission, and convenient transportation. In recent years, with the discovery of unconventional natural gas resources, the situation of the world’s natural gas liquefaction plants using conventional natural gas as feedstock is changing. Unlike traditional LNG plants, unconventional natural gas liquefaction processes require special considerations in design and manufacturing. This review summarizes and analyzes the characteristics and differences of several typical unconventional natural gas liquefaction processes compared to traditional natural gas liquefaction processes, including coalbed methane liquefaction, synthetic natural gas liquefaction, LNG-FPSO, and PLNG (pressurized liquefied natural gas). Moreover, a state-of-the-art review of the recent progress on design and optimization of unconventional natural gas liquefaction processes is presented.

Natural Gas Liquids into Motor Gasolines: Methodology for Processing on a Zeolite Catalyst and Development of Blending Recipes

“…Table 3 shows the equipment and methods used for determination of the composition and characteristics of NGL samples and products of their processing on a zeolite catalyst. ±0.9 kg/m 3…”

“…Gas is used to generate heat and electricity, and also as a fuel for transport [1]. The popularity and environmental friendliness of natural gas are the reasons for the steadily growing demand for this type of fuel [2,3]. That is why the search for and development of new natural gas fields are being actively conducted.…”

“…Speaking about NGLs as a feedstock, it is not possible to operate with statistical data on their quantities; however, on average, in the process of preparing 1 million m 3 of natural gas, about 50-55 tons of NGLs are obtained. In 2019, the production of natural and associated petroleum gas in the Russian Federation amounted to 738.4 billion m 3 , which indicates significant volumes of NLGs produced and allows us to consider them as a feedstock for the production of motor gasoline [24].…”

CFD simulation data report: heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of natural gas flow condensation in spiral tube

“…Natural gas, a prominent, high-quality, and eco-friendly energy source, plays a significant role in the global energy structure, accounting for approximately 23% of the total energy consumption (Xu et al, 2022). Following extraction, natural gas undergoes liquefaction to facilitate its storage and transportation.…”

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of cryogenic safety analysis in an liquefied natural gas powered ship during liquefied natural gas leakage

“…Some zero-emission ships using hydrogen, ammonia and biofuel lack the infrastructure capacity and comprehensive specifications to satisfy the world shipping needs (Depken et al, 2022) while CO 2 emissions of the other marine fuels are shown in Figure 1. Liquefied natural gas (LNG), a kind of clean energy with high energy and fuel efficiency (Burel et al, 2013;Xu et al, 2022), has the lowest CO 2 emissions in Figure 1, at least 20% less than traditional oil fuel (DNV, 2019;Sharples, 2019). LNG has virtually no SOx and very low particulate emissions, whose NOx emissions requirements (Lindstad and Rialland, 2020).…”