Review of Virus Inactivation by Visible Light

Heßling, Martin; Lau, Bernhard; Vatter, Petra

doi:10.3390/photonics9020113

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…In a clinical study with another enveloped virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), it was demonstrated that 2 h treatment of blood samples of HBV patients with 400–500 nm wavelength visible light in combination with riboflavin resulted in significant decrease of HBV DNA copy number in the blood [ 16 ]. A summary of virucidal effects of a range of visible wavelengths of blue light (401–470 nm) on a number of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses have been recently reviewed [ 17 ], with findings providing sufficient evidence that pathogen reduction technologies can incorporate safer visible violet-blue light in lieu of UV light for viral inactivation, in addition to its already well-established bacterial inactivation potential in various public health scenarios [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible 405 nm Violet-Blue Light Successfully Inactivates HIV-1 in Human Plasma

et al. 2022

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Despite significant advances in ensuring the safety of the blood supply, there is continued risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) from newly emerging or re-emerging infections. Globally, several pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) for blood safety have been in development as an alternative to traditional treatment methods. Despite broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, some of the approved ultraviolet (UV) light-based PRTs, understandably due to UV light-associated toxicities, fall short in preserving the full functional spectrum of the treated blood components. As a safer alternative to the UV-based microbicidal technologies, investigations into the use of violet-blue light in the region of 405 nm have been on the rise as these wavelengths do not impair the treated product at doses that demonstrate microbicidal activity. Recently, we have demonstrated that a 405 nm violet-blue light dose of 270 J/cm2 was sufficient for reducing bacteria and the parasite in plasma and platelets suspended in plasma while preserving the quality of the treated blood product stored for transfusion. Drawn from the previous experience, here we evaluated the virucidal potential of 405 nm violet-blue light dose of 270 J/cm2 on an important blood-borne enveloped virus, the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), in human plasma. Both test plasma (HIV-1 spiked and treated with various doses of 405 nm light) and control plasma (HIV-1 spiked, but not treated with the light) samples were cultured with HIV-1 permissive H9 cell line for up to 21 days to estimate the viral titers. Quantitative HIV-1 p24 antigen (HIV-1 p24) levels reflective of HIV-1 titers were measured for each light dose to assess virus infectivity. Our results demonstrate that a 405 nm light dose of 270 J/cm2 is also capable of 4–5 log HIV-1 reduction in plasma under the conditions tested. Overall, this study provides the first proof-of-concept that 405 nm violet-blue light successfully inactivates HIV-1 present in human plasma, thereby demonstrating its potential towards being an effective PRT for this blood component safety.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible 405 nm Violet-Blue Light Successfully Inactivates HIV-1 in Human Plasma

et al. 2022

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“…R DFI = ratio of sample change mean of ratio of controls change (7) The closer the ratio R DFI is to one, the smaller is the effect of cataract formation If the ratio R DFI is greater than one, irradiation has a greater impact on cataract formation than the decay effect.…”

Section: Ratio Of Sample Change =mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To quantify the change in lenses for each wavelength, the corresponding ratios of pixel change R DFI of all lenses, calculated according to Equation (7), are presented in the boxplots in Figure 5. The ratios R DFI for the irradiation with 407 nm and 463 nm exhibit similar median values with 1.40 and 1.41 but the mean value with standard deviation at 407 nm of 1.61 ± 0.83 is higher than the mean value at 463 nm of 1.26 ± 1.52.…”

Section: Dark Field Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reason for this is that LED light sources are increasingly used, such as in illuminants, displays and automotive headlights [4,5]. Fluorescent tubes and energy-saving lamps have been emitting violet light for decades [6], and recently, due to the coronavirus pandemic, the use of violet LEDs in everyday life is also increasing, as light of this wavelength exhibits antimicrobial and antiviral properties [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Visible Violet, Blue and Red Light on the Development of Cataract in Porcine Lenses

et al. 2022

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Background and Objectives: Cataract is a disease that is globally prevalent in today’s population and occurs mostly in the elderly. It is an opacity of the lens that worsens vision and can lead to blindness. One well-known risk factor of cataract is ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, increasing exposure to modern artificial light sources like light emitting diodes (LEDs) and displays might have an impact on cataract formation due to possible high (and hidden) blue radiation. An ex-vivo study indicates that intense blue radiation causes cataract in porcine lenses. The goal of this work is the investigation whether violet or red light also lead to cataract formation in porcine lenses and to compare the impact of the different wavelengths. Materials and Methods: LEDs with wavelengths of 407 nm (violet), 463 nm (blue) and 635 nm (red) are used to irradiate ex–vivo porcine lenses with a dose of 6 kJ/cm2. Before and after irradiation the lens transmissions are measured and dark field images are taken to determine cataract formation. The same procedure is performed for unirradiated controls. Results: The results of the transmission measurements are in accordance with the results of the dark field images and state that 635 nm (red) is inducing no or only weak cataract. In comparison to the dark field images the transmission measurements exhibit stronger cataract formation for 407 nm than for 463 nm irradiation while the dark field images show similar cataract formation for both wavelengths. Conclusions: Visible light of short wavelengths cause cataract formation in porcine eyes, and it cannot be excluded that these wavelengths, which are emitted by modern LED illuminants, also pose a danger to human eyes.

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“…In addition, researchers have demonstrated that the deep ultraviolet (DUV) (λ < 300 nm, including UVC) can inactivate the novel coronavirus COVID‐19 effectively within a few seconds. [ 1–4 ] Besides, applications of deep UV in water purification and air disinfection are demonstrated as well. [ 5–7 ] In fact, UV has been proven to be a sterilizing agent since early times, it has been over a century since light therapy was presented by Niels Ryberg Finsen who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903 due to using concentrated beams of UV light to treat patients with lupus vulgaris with some success.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Packaging Technologies of AlGaN‐Based Deep Ultraviolet Light‐Emitting Diodes

Liang

Sun

2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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AlGaN‐based deep ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes (UV LEDs) have gained rapidly growing attention due to their wide applications in water purification, air disinfection, and sensing as well as optical communication. Moreover, deep UV radiation has been verified as one of effective way to inactivate COVID‐19. However, although numerous efforts have been made in deep UV LED chips, the reported highest external quantum efficiency (EQE) of them is 20.3%, which is far lower than that of visible LEDs. The EQE of commercial packaged AlGaN‐based deep UV LEDs is usually lower than 5%, which will cause serious reliability problems as well. Therefore, it is very urgent to improve EQE and reliability of the devices from packaging level. In this review, a systematical summarization about the packaging technologies of AlGaN‐based deep UV LEDs has been analyzed and future prospects have been made as well. Firstly, this work provides a brief overview of the devices and analyzes why the packaging level reduces EQE and reliability in theory. Then, systematically reviews the recent advances in packaging technologies and deep UV micro‐LEDs. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are given as well. This review is of great significance for promoting the development of the packaging technologies for AlGaN‐based deep UV LEDs.

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Review of Virus Inactivation by Visible Light

Cited by 14 publications

References 67 publications

Visible 405 nm Violet-Blue Light Successfully Inactivates HIV-1 in Human Plasma

Visible 405 nm Violet-Blue Light Successfully Inactivates HIV-1 in Human Plasma

Influence of Visible Violet, Blue and Red Light on the Development of Cataract in Porcine Lenses

Recent Advances in Packaging Technologies of AlGaN‐Based Deep Ultraviolet Light‐Emitting Diodes

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