“…A lot of research has been done on the performance of different types of cores and various classifications have been presented by researchers. Figure 3 shows the main types of sandwich cores: foam [19,20], z-pinned [21], corrugated [22,23], lattice [24,25], balsa [26,27], cork [28,29], and composite [30,31]. Figure 3.Classification for sandwich cores.…”
In recent years, concerns about environmental pollution have led to the development of natural fiber sandwich structures as alternatives to petroleum-based ones. This paper reviews various studies on sandwich structures composed of non-wood cellulose-nature fibers. These fibers mainly include flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, sisal, coir, and bamboo. The studies are classified based on the type of fibers, the components in which they are used, and experimental tests/numerical investigations. Furthermore, a few suggestions for future research in the field of eco-friendly sandwich structures are made.
“…A lot of research has been done on the performance of different types of cores and various classifications have been presented by researchers. Figure 3 shows the main types of sandwich cores: foam [19,20], z-pinned [21], corrugated [22,23], lattice [24,25], balsa [26,27], cork [28,29], and composite [30,31]. Figure 3.Classification for sandwich cores.…”
In recent years, concerns about environmental pollution have led to the development of natural fiber sandwich structures as alternatives to petroleum-based ones. This paper reviews various studies on sandwich structures composed of non-wood cellulose-nature fibers. These fibers mainly include flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, sisal, coir, and bamboo. The studies are classified based on the type of fibers, the components in which they are used, and experimental tests/numerical investigations. Furthermore, a few suggestions for future research in the field of eco-friendly sandwich structures are made.
“…The impact and the failure mechanism for the sandwich structure is a very complex mechanism and continues to remain an active topic under discussion by many researchers [29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Enhancement of the impact properties of the foam sandwich panels through stitching, Z-pinning, tufting and also by implementing changes in the density of the foam core has been investigated by researchers [36][37][38][39][40]. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are an excellent substitute for face sheets, more than traditional metallic face sheets owing to their ratios of good stiffness to weight, and strength to weight.…”
Sandwich composites are extensively employed in a variety of applications because their bending stiffness affords a greater advantage than composite materials. However, the aspect limiting the application of the sandwich material is its poor impact resistance. Therefore, understanding the impact properties of the sandwich structure will determine the ways in which it can be used under the conditions of impact loading. Sandwich panels with different combinations of carbon/Kevlar woven monolithic face sheets, inter-ply face sheets and intra-ply face sheets were fabricated, using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer process. Instrumented low-velocity impact tests were performed using different energy levels of 5 J, 10 J, 20 J, 30 J and 40 J on a variety of samples and the results were assessed. The damage caused by the modes of failure in the sandwich structure include fiber breakage, matrix cracking, foam cracking and debonding. In sandwich panels with thin face sheets, the maximum peak load was achieved for the inter-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel in which Kevlar was present towards the outer surface and carbon in the inner surface of the face sheet. At an impact energy of 40 J, the maximum peak load for the inter-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel was 31.57% higher than for the sandwich structure in which carbon is towards the outer surface and Kevlar is in the inner surface of the face sheet. The intra-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel subjected to 40 J impact energy demonstrated a 13.17% higher maximum peak load compared to the carbon monolithic face sheet sandwich panel. The experimental measurements and numerical predictions are in close agreement.
“…The pins are generally orthogonal or at an inclined angle to the face sheet of the sandwich structures. This technique provides an alternative to improve various mechanical properties of the composite sandwich, including the stiffness, strength, and other structural properties [1]. Marasco et al [2] tested the out-of-plane tensile, compressive, and shear stiffness, and strength of K-Core/X-Core pin reinforced foam core sandwich panels.…”
Composite sandwich structures are widely used in the fields of aviation, marine, and energy due to their high specific stiffness and design flexibility. Improving the mechanical properties of the cores is significant to the strength, modulus, and stability of composite sandwich structures. Two kinds of core machining configurations were designed by combining thin grooves, perforated holes, and thick contour cuts as well as non-machining plain cores. The cores and sandwich structures with these configurations were fabricated using a vacuum-assistant infusion process. Static tensile, compressive, shear, and peeling tests were conducted on the infused cores and sandwich structures. The results showed that the tensile, compressive, and shear moduli, and compressive strength of the infused cores can be greatly improved. The tensile strength changed negligibly due to stress concentration induced by irregular foam cell and the shear-lag phenomenon of the resin column/foam interface. The shear strength of the infused cores increased slightly. The thick contour cuts and perforated holes can greatly improve the face sheet/core peel capacity of the sandwich structures, whereas the thin grooves can moderately improve the peel capacity. Both infused cores with the designed machining configurations exhibited positive effects on the compressive, tensile, and shear moduli, and compressive strength, considering the material costs. The study provides a comprehensive and quantitative insight into the effects of core machining configurations on mechanical properties of infused cores and composite sandwich structures.
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