Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications

Ayala-Cabrera, Juan F.; Montero, Lidia; Meckelmann, Sven W.; Uteschil, Florian; Schmitz, Oliver J.

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2022.340379

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 151 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In addition to providing information regarding the sample's make‐up, it isolates impurities according to the volatility of the contaminants. For the purpose of the precise identification and quantification of contaminants, GC is frequently combined with GC–MS [17]. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) : The separation of charged species, including ionic contaminants, can be accomplished with the use of CE.…”

Section: Sources and Types Of Impuritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Advances of hyphenated technique in impurity profiling of active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical products

Khandale,

Rajge,

Singh

et al. 2023

Separation Science Plus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Impurities found in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and pharmaceutical products are of ever‐increasing interest. According to several regulatory agencies, purity and impurity profiles are essential. An impurity is defined as any additional inorganic or organic material, residual solvents other than the medicinal components, or undesired compounds that remain with APIs. Impurities and degradation products in bulk drug materials and pharmaceutical formulations are identified, their structures are clarified, and their quantitative determination is part of impurity profiling. Unrecognized, poisonous impurities are dangerous to health and should be identified by selective procedures to increase the safety of drug therapy, and impurity profiling has become more significant in pharmaceutical analysis. This review briefly introduces process and product‐related impurities and emphasizes the creation of cutting‐edge analytical techniques for identifying them. It discusses the use of analytical methods, particularly high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (MS), ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography–MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the identification of contaminants and degradation products. It has discussed the importance of the quality, efficacy, and safety of drug substances and products, including the origin, types, and quality control of impurities, the need for the development of impurity profiling methods, impurity identification, and regulatory aspects.

show abstract

Section: Sources and Types Of Impuritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources and Types Of Impuritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances of hyphenated technique in impurity profiling of active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical products

Khandale,

Rajge,

Singh

et al. 2023

Separation Science Plus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2−6 Electrospray ionization (ESI), desorption ionization techniques, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), and atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) are well-established techniques in a broad variety of application fields, such as environmental applications, drug and pharmaceutical analysis, life sciences, or petroleomics. 7,4,5,8 Developments in API techniques are still ongoing 9 and novel methods, such as plasma ionization based on dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) 10 or low-temperature plasma (LTP), 11 soft X-ray-based APPI, 12 and atmospheric pressure single photon laser ionization (APSPLI), 13 were recently introduced.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most widely used analytical techniques, classically equipped with electron ionization (EI) . However, over the last decades, advancements in source and ionization design strongly increased the importance of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) in mass spectrometry-based analysis. − Electrospray ionization (ESI), desorption ionization techniques, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), and atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI) are well-established techniques in a broad variety of application fields, such as environmental applications, drug and pharmaceutical analysis, life sciences, or petroleomics. ,,, Developments in API techniques are still ongoing and novel methods, such as plasma ionization based on dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) or low-temperature plasma (LTP), soft X-ray-based APPI, and atmospheric pressure single photon laser ionization (APSPLI), were recently introduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detailed Comparison of Xenon APPI (9.6/8.4 eV), Krypton APPI (10.6/10.0 eV), APCI, and APLI (266 nm) for Gas Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Standards and Complex Mixtures

Neumann

Tiemann

Hansen

et al. 2023

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Photoionization schemes for mass spectrometry, either by laser or discharge lamps, have been widely examined and deployed. In this work, the ionization characteristics of a xenon discharge lamp (Xe-APPI, 9.6/8.4 eV) have been studied and compared to established ionization schemes, such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure photoionization with a krypton discharge lamp (Kr-APPI, 10.6/10 eV) and atmospheric pressure laser ionization (266 nm). Addressing the gas-phase ionization behavior has been realized by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry without the usage of a dopant. For standard substances, it has been found that Xe-APPI is able to ionize a broad range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as their heteroatom-containing and alkylated derivatives. However, thiol and ester compounds could not be detected. Moreover, Xe-APPI revealed a high tendency to generate oxygenated artifacts, most likely due to a VUV absorption band of oxygen at 148 nm. Beneficially, almost no chemical background, commonly caused by APCI or Kr-APPI due to column blood, plasticizers or impurities, is observed. This advantage is noteworthy for evolved gas analysis without preseparation or for chromatographic coelution. For the complex mixtures, Xe-APPI revealed the predominant generation of radical cations via direct photoionization with a high selectivity toward aromatic core structures with low alkylation. Interestingly, both Xe-APPI and Kr-APPI could sensitively detect sterane cycloalkanes, validated by gas chromatographic retention. The narrowly ionized chemical space could let Xe-APPI find niche applications, e.g., for strongly contaminated samples to reduce the background.

show abstract

“…One of the important instruments in the field of analytical chemistry is the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) [1,2]-an instrument that is able to separate, detect and identify many compounds that reside within analyzed samples. The GC vaporizes the compounds, separates them in time and then outputs them into the MS [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In the common quadrupole based MS [20,21] the molecules are ionized and are then focused by a series of ion-lenses and guided into the quadrupole mass filter, which has a scan like operating procedure: the voltages on its rods, if kept constant, allow only a small range of m/z values to pass and reach the ion detector, while all other ions collide with the rods and neutralize.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Controller for Super Sonic Molecular Beam Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer

Flaxer

2022

Separations

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents a new, comprehensive digital circuit used for the control of a novel gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) interface that is based on supersonic molecular beam (SMB). The circuit includes a Texas Instruments 150 MHz digital signal controller (DSC), high voltage amplifiers for 8 independent channels and 4 independent channels of high resolution pulse width modulation (PWM). The circuit, along with a sophisticated embedded program and a custom made personal computer (PC) application, control all aspects of the interface: smart filament emission-current stabilization, static and scanning mass-dependent ion-source voltages, transfer-line heater proportional integral differential (PID) controls with thermocouple feedbacks, on/off valves, relays and several peripheral device controls that enable the full operation of a turbo-molecular vacuum pump, and of gas flow and pressure controllers. All aspects of this comprehensive controller were successfully tested. The signal for the 450 Th ion (C32H66) for example increased by 123% which is a significant increase. It is obvious that correctly tuned dynamic voltages can guarantee the optimal signal for each mass.

show abstract

Review on atmospheric pressure ionization sources for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Part II: Current applications

Cited by 8 publications

References 151 publications

Advances of hyphenated technique in impurity profiling of active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical products

Advances of hyphenated technique in impurity profiling of active pharmaceutical ingredients and pharmaceutical products

Detailed Comparison of Xenon APPI (9.6/8.4 eV), Krypton APPI (10.6/10.0 eV), APCI, and APLI (266 nm) for Gas Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Standards and Complex Mixtures

Comprehensive Controller for Super Sonic Molecular Beam Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About