Review on Carbon Dioxide Utilization for Cycloaddition of Epoxides by Ionic Liquid-Modified Hybrid Catalysts: Effect of Influential Parameters and Mechanisms Insight

Abstract

The storage, utilization, and control of the greenhouse (CO2) gas is a topic of interest for researchers in academia and society. The present review article is dedicating to cover the overall role of ionic liquid-modified hybrid materials in cycloaddition reactions. Special emphasis is on the synthesis of various cyclic carbonate using ionic liquid-based modified catalysts. Catalytic activity studies have discussed with respect to process conditions and their effects on conversion and product selectivity for the reaction of cycloaddition of CO2 with styrene oxide. The reaction temperature and the partial pressure of CO2 have found to play a key role in cyclic carbonate formation. The role of other influential parameter (solvent effect) is also discussed for the conversion of cyclic/aromatic oxides to polycarbonate production. Our own research work that deals with ionic liquid-based halide-modified mesoporous catalyst (MCM-41 type) derived from rice husk waste has also been discussed. Finally, the role of carbon dioxide activation and ring-opening mechanisms involved in the cyclic carbonate product formation from CO2 have been discussed.

Photocatalytic Activities of FeNbO4/NH2-MIL-125(Ti) Composites toward the Cycloaddition of CO2 to Propylene Oxide

“…On the other hand, applying heat to the reaction mixture increased the yield slightly (entry 8, Table 3) which suggests that heat influences the reaction. In fact, carbon dioxide utilization for cycloaddition of epoxides accomplished hydrothermally where temperature and pressure of CO 2 have found to play a key role in cyclic carbonate formation [43]. However, this does not rule out that as entries 7 and 8 suggest that the reaction proceeds predominantly photocatalytic.…”

Recent developments in state-of-the-art silica-modified catalysts for the fixation of CO2 in epoxides to form organic carbonates

“…Several catalytic systems that work under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions have been developed for the conversion of CO 2 and epoxide into cyclic carbonates. 58,68,77–80 Homogeneous catalytic systems provide excellent catalytic activity and selectivity, which include alkali metal salts, 81 quaternary ammonium, 82 phosphonium salts, 83 ionic liquids, 84 and Schiff bases. 85 However, heterogeneous catalysts are more predominant than homogeneous catalysts 86,87 because they can be separated easily, provide greater advantages regarding stability, separation, and handling, and can be recovered and reused for a number of cycles, making this type of catalytic system more expedient.…”

“…85 However, heterogeneous catalysts are more predominant than homogeneous catalysts 86,87 because they can be separated easily, provide greater advantages regarding stability, separation, and handling, and can be recovered and reused for a number of cycles, making this type of catalytic system more expedient. 88–95 Heterogeneous catalysts such as immobilized complexes or ionic liquids, 96–98 zeolites, 99 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), 100,101 silica-based catalysts, 102 organic polymer supports, 103 metal oxides 104 and carbon-based catalysts 105 have been widely studied and reviewed in other review articles. However, although heterogeneous catalysts provide easy separation and recyclability, most of these catalysts demonstrate inefficient activity under harsh reaction conditions of high temperatures (>100 °C) and high CO 2 pressures (>30 bar).…”

Ruthenium-based metal–organic framework catalyst for CO2 fixation onto epoxides

“…Past optimal CO 2 concentrations, cycloaddition no longer becomes a ratelimiting step and becomes counterproductive owing to excess CO 2 -induced expansion within the reaction mixture, decreasing the epoxide and catalyst concentration. 1,4,[23][24][25] Increasing the substrate concentration increased the conversion of PO and shifted the reaction towards carbonate formation, promoting the rapid consumption of CO 2 before equilibrium was reached. A similar case is investigated by varying the epoxide to CO 2 mole ratios.…”