Review on Chemical Stability of Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their skyrocketed power conversion efficiency. However, the device stability issues may restrict their commercial applications, which are dominated by various chemical reactions of perovskite layers. Hence, a comprehensive illustration on the stability of perovskite films in PSCs is urgently needed. In this review article, chemical reactions of perovskite films under different environmental conditions (e.g., moisture, oxygen, light) and with charge transfer materials and metal electrodes are systematically elucidated. Effective strategies for suppressing the degradation reactions of perovskites, such as buffer layer introduction and additives engineering, are specified. Finally, conclusions and outlooks for this field are proposed. The comprehensive review will provide a guideline on the material engineering and device design for PSCs.

Composition dependence of X-ray stability and degradation mechanisms at lead halide perovskite single crystal surfaces

“…Lead halide perovskites have gained great interest in the scientific community due to their useful properties in multiple applications, including photovoltaics, light emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, and more recently, their use in batteries and hydrogen production. [1][2][3][4] The general chemical formula for these materials is ABX 3 , where A represents a monovalent cation (e.g., methylammonium (MA + ), CH 3 NH 3 + ; formamidinium (FA + ), CH(NH 2 ) 2 + ; Cs + ), B is a divalent cation (e.g., Pb 2+ ) and X is typically a halide (e.g., Br À , I À , Cl À ).…”

“…Exposure to humidity, oxygen, illumination, and heat can all contribute to material deterioration. 3 Particularly in their applications as photodetector or outer space solar cell, commercial implementation requires stability against high energy radiation. 7,8 For this purpose, the X-ray stability of different perovskite compositions has to be assessed.…”

“…For example, PES is extensively used to study surfaces and interfaces of lead halide perovskites 9,10 and to investigate causes for their degradation when exposed to environmental stressors like humidity or heat. 3,11,12 However, the interpretation of the results becomes more challenging if X-ray induced initial shifts in binding energy position, 13 or the formation of metallic lead (Pb 0 ) are present. 8,14 Therefore, understanding the degradation mechanisms behind high energy radiation is necessary to prevent radiation-induced damage and to ensure a correct interpretation of measurement results.…”

Growth methods' effect on the physical characteristics of CsPbBr3 single crystal

“…[1][2][3][4][5] The field of perovskite materials, particularly in photovoltaics, has been extensively studied, with various approaches suggested for improving device efficiency, including enhancements in crystallinity, meticulous interface optimization, and the incorporation of additives. [6][7][8] Perovskite devices exhibit diverse configurations, such as polycrystalline films, single crystals (SCs), nanocrystals, and quantum dots, highlighting the remarkable processability of perovskite materials, supported by their inherent defect tolerance. [9][10][11] Among these configurations, SCs offer advantages over polycrystalline thin films, including higher carrier mobilities and increased environmental resilience.…”

Influence of A-Site Composition on the Nanostructure and Electrical Properties of APbI3 Perovskite Films: Implications for Solar Cells

“…Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently emerged as highly promising candidates for next-generation photovoltaics, displaying remarkable progress in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) that approach 26.1% within a relatively short time span of less than a decade. − The general APbX 3 structure of lead halide perovskites allows for variations in both the A site cations and the X site halide anions, providing a means to adjust the material properties. , Numerous studies have highlighted the advantages of incorporating mixed cations and/or anions to finely tune the optoelectronic properties of the halide perovskite structure. − Compared to the conventional methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ), mixed-cation perovskites offer the ability to obtain high efficiencies while achieving enhanced stability. − By introducing a small amount of CsI into the formamidinium (FA) and methylammonium (MA) (MA/FA) mixture solutions, triple-cation PSCs can be fabricated. , Yang et al investigated the impact of cesium (Cs) on the chemical complexity of methyl-free ammonium metal halide perovskites (MHPs) and found that a relatively high Cs component ratio (approximately 30%) promotes the formation of the pure photoactive α phase. However, for MHPs to achieve high photovoltaic performance, Cs doping should be conducted at a moderate ratio .…”