Review on CO₂ Management: From CO₂ Sources, Capture, and Conversion to Future Perspectives of Gas-Phase Electrochemical Conversion and Utilization

Abstract

Fossil organic chemicals are the main resources for both energy demands and industrial organic chemistry. Burning or decomposing of these materials releases carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO), causing global environmental changes. This issue is the main concern related to the current earth situation. It could be a critical task that excess CO 2 be captured and converted into the original resources. In this overview, CO 2 origin and withdrawing mechanism and the thermodynamics, kinetics, and pathway of the CO 2 reduction reaction are summarized, and then the methods of CO 2 reduction are briefly compared with respect to commercialization capability. Electrochemistry is known as a green and cost-effective technique, which motivates many chemical reactions in technological areas. Conversion of CO 2 into the intrinsic chemicals assisted by electrochemistry is an imperative subject in terms of both energy demand and greenhouse gas control. However, some drawbacks such as less dissolution of CO 2 gas in aqueous electrolytes and low selectivity of products decrease the efficiency of CO 2 recycling by use of electrochemical procedures. Next, recent trends in development of electrocatalysts and various factors in electrochemical reduction are reviewed. After that, challenges in liquid-phase CO 2 reduction and insights into gasphase CO 2 reduction assisted by electrochemical gas diffusion electrode (GDE) are summarized. Taking into account technoeconomic analysis, the future of GDE in electrochemical CO 2 conversion and the development of new advanced procedures toward improving selectivity and stability with high faradaic efficiency are discussed. Finally, a brief discussion about Li/CO 2 batteries and H 2 /CO 2 fuel cells combined with CO 2 /H 2 O electrolysis cells as a future of CO 2 management and utilization are presented.

Probabilistic Techno-Economic Assessment of Medium-Scale Photoelectrochemical Fuel Generation Plants

“… 22 Additionally, the concentrated PEC is predicted to produce CO with an LCOCO of 1.358 $/kg CO . Further improvements could potentially bring this cost down to 0.546 $/kg CO , achieved through increased conversion efficiency to 50%, selectivity, 90 pressurized operations, and halving the CO 2 capturing cost compared to the current target of 40 $/ton. This advancement results in costs below the market price of 0.6 $/kg CO .…”