Review on current concepts of myopia and its control strategies

Kaiti, Raju; Shyangbo, Ranjila; Sharma, Indra Prasad; Dahal, Manish

doi:10.18240/ijo.2021.04.19

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…[8][9][10][11] Although several interventions have shown efficacy in slowing the progression of myopia in childrenincluding atropine, 12 dual-focus contact lenses 13 and orthokeratology 14 -they can be difficult to implement in very young children and may have adverse effects. [15][16][17] Numerous lines of evidence support a genetic contribution to myopia, including clustering of myopia cases within families and a higher correlation of myopia onset in monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins. 16 Rare variants that can lead to the development of high myopia have been identified…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of myopia using diffusion optics spectacle lenses: 12-month results of a randomised controlled, efficacy and safety study (CYPRESS)

Rappon¹,

Chung²,

Young

et al. 2022

Br J Ophthalmol

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BackgroundMutations in the L/M cone opsin gene array cause abnormally high perceived retinal contrast and the development of myopia. Environmental factors may also lead to high visual contrast and cause myopia. Diffusion optics technology (DOT) lenses are designed to reduce contrast signalling in the retina and slow myopia progression.MethodsThe Control of Myopia Using Peripheral Diffusion Lenses Efficacy and Safety Study (CYPRESS, NCT03623074) is a 36-month, multicentre, randomised, controlled, double-masked trial evaluating two investigational spectacle lenses versus control lenses in myopic children aged 6–10, with a planned interim analysis at 12 months. The primary endpoints are change from baseline in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER).Results256 children (58% female; mean age at screening, 8.1 years) were dispensed spectacles. Across all groups, baseline averages were AL 24.02 mm (SD±0.77 mm), SER −2.01 D (SD±0.9 D) using manifest refraction, and SER −1.94 D (SD±1.0 D) using cycloplegic autorefraction. At 12 months, mean difference in SER progression for test 1 versus control was −0.40 D (p<0.0001), representing a 74% reduction and −0.32 D for Test 2 (p<0.0001), representing a 59% reduction. The difference in AL progression for test 1 versus control was 0.15 mm (p<0.0001) and test 2 versus control was 0.10 mm (p=0.0018).Conclusion12-month results from this ongoing trial demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of DOT spectacles for reducing myopic progression.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of myopia using diffusion optics spectacle lenses: 12-month results of a randomised controlled, efficacy and safety study (CYPRESS)

Rappon¹,

Chung²,

Young

et al. 2022

Br J Ophthalmol

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“…These findings seem to be similar to those observed in healthy subjects. During childhood a lower percentage of hypermetropia and a higher percentage of myopia is observed due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as the fast progression and axial length elongation of eye as well as environment, particularly extensive near work (schooling, study, reading) that have been known to cause abnormal eye growth ( Kaiti et al, 2021 ). The high prevalence of refractive errors in CP highlights the importance of screening for these easily treatable disorders since the first years of life.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Effects on the Spectrum of Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Galli

Loi

Molinaro

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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BackgroundCerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is a very common finding in children affected by Cerebral Palsy (CP). In this paper we studied the characteristics of CVI of a large group of children with CP and CVI, describing their neurovisual profiles according to three different age subgroups (subgroup 1: infants 6 months–2 years; subgroup 2: pre-school age 3–5 years; subgroup 3: school age ≥ 6 years).MethodsWe enrolled 180 subjects (104 males, mean age 66 ± 42.6 months; range 6–192 months) with CP and CVI for the study. We carried out a demographic and clinical data collection, neurological examination, developmental or cognitive assessment, and a video-recorded visual function assessment including an evaluation of ophthalmological characteristics, oculomotor functions, and basic visual functions. In school-aged children, we also performed an evaluation of their cognitive-visual profiles.ResultsThere were signs of CVI in all the three subgroups. Subgroup 1 (62 children) and subgroup 2 (50 children) were different for fixation (p = 0.02), visual acuity (p = 0.03) and contrast sensitivity (p < 0.01), being more frequently impaired in younger children. Comparing subgroup 2 with subgroup 3 (68 children), the older children presented more frequently myopia (p = 0.02) while the younger ones esotropia (p = 0.02) and alteration in smooth pursuit (p = 0.03) and saccades (p < 0.01). Furthermore, fixation, smooth pursuit, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visual filed (p < 0.01) were more frequently impaired in younger children (subgroup 1) compared to the older ones. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) confirmed the different neurovisual profiles according to age: younger children with CP showed more signs of CVI compared to the older ones. 34 out of 68 children belonging to subgroup 3 underwent the cognitive visual evaluation; an impairment of cognitive visual skills was detected in 21 subjects.ConclusionYounger children with CP showed more signs of CVI compared to the older ones, likely for the physiological maturation of visual system and mechanisms of neuroplasticity. In this direction, we suggest an early neurovisual evaluation to detect any weak visual functions.

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“…Myopia is a common problem in schoolchildren [1], and efficacious public health interventions are urgently warranted to prevent or delay the progression of myopia in schoolchildren. The most effective strategy for controlling myopia has yet to be identified [29]. Nonpharmacological or noninvasive ES interventions for treating myopia have been inconclusive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-Component Physiotherapeutic Intervention among Schoolchildren with Myopia: 3D-Based Vision Training Program with Auditory Frequency Entrainment and Electrical Stimulation

2021

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Purpose. This study evaluated whether 3D-based vision training (VT) with visual cortex-activated auditory frequency entrainment and bilateral orbital electrical stimulation (ES) could prevent the progression of myopia among schoolchildren. Methods. In this two-stage, randomized, crossover, single-blind study, pre- and post-logMAR visual acuity and refractive error from 27 schoolchildren with myopia (≤−0.50 D) were evaluated among four groups: (1) sham control with no VT, frequency following response (FFR), or ES (control group); (2) 3D-based VT only (VT group); (3) VT with FFR generated through visual cortex-activated auditory entrainment (VT-FFR group); and (4) VT with FFR and bilateral orbital ES (VT-FFR-ES group). In stage 1, the intervention was administered for 30 min to all groups using a randomized crossover design. In stage 2, the intervention was administered for 30 min/day, 3 days a week, for 4 weeks to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention. Results. Compared with the pre-test, post-test logMAR visual acuity after a single intervention was not significantly different in control and VT groups, but significantly improved in the VT-FFR (−0.08 ± 0.11) and VT-FFR-ES groups (−0.13 ± 0.14). Compared with the pre-test, post-test refractive error by spherical equivalent in VT-FFR-ES group for the 4-week intervention was significantly (<0.001) improved (0.21 D) compared with the control group (−0.1 D). Conclusions. The multicomponent physiotherapeutic intervention of 3D-based VT with auditory FFR and bilateral orbital ES can inhibit the progression of myopia. This intervention can be used as a noninvasive physiotherapeutic approach to prevent or reduce the severity of myopia.

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Review on current concepts of myopia and its control strategies

Cited by 21 publications

References 134 publications

Control of myopia using diffusion optics spectacle lenses: 12-month results of a randomised controlled, efficacy and safety study (CYPRESS)

Control of myopia using diffusion optics spectacle lenses: 12-month results of a randomised controlled, efficacy and safety study (CYPRESS)

Age-Related Effects on the Spectrum of Cerebral Visual Impairment in Children With Cerebral Palsy

A Multi-Component Physiotherapeutic Intervention among Schoolchildren with Myopia: 3D-Based Vision Training Program with Auditory Frequency Entrainment and Electrical Stimulation

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