Review on development and application of 4D-printing technology in smart textiles

Abstract

4D printed products can change shape under external stimulation, and the deformation design of material and structure is directly built into the material, which simplifies the manufacturing process from design concept to physical object and allows the object to be automatically assembled and conformed, realizing the integration of product design, manufacturing, and assembly. In recent years, 4D printing technology has also received widespread attention in the smart textile industry. This paper aims to promote the diversified and efficient development of the smart textile industry and expand the scope of the application of additive manufacturing technology. First, the evolution of 4D printing and its intrinsic relationship with 3D printing are examined. Then, the types of 4D printing smart textile technologies and their characteristics are presented, and the influence of relevant parameters of each type of technology on the molding quality, deformation mechanism, and driving performance of printed models is discussed. Materials for 4D printing of smart textiles are further described, including shape memory materials, hydrogels, and elastic liquid crystals. To adapt to the specific properties of textile applications, 4D printing technology has developed from the structural level of textiles to create smart textiles with adjustable shapes, properties, or functions. Then, the applications of 4D printed smart textiles in different fields are summarized. Finally, some problems currently faced by 4D printed smart textiles are discussed, and their prospects are projected.

Mechanistic prediction of folding angles in 4D printed shape memory polymers under varied loading conditions

“…Applications of 4D printing have been found in areas such as soft robots and actuators [3,4], biomedical engineering [5,6], electronic * Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. devices [7], textiles [8,9], metamaterials [10][11][12] and others. Detailed reviews on 4D printing can be found in [1,2,[13][14][15].…”

Interrelations between Printing Patterns and Residual Stress in Fused Deposition Modelling for the 4D Printing of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Wood–Plastic Composites

“…smart textile [35][36][37], self-folding packaging [38][39][40][41][42][43][44], wearable devices [45][46][47], and soft robotics [48][49][50][51].…”

Exploring the Biomedical Potential of PLA/Dysprosium Phosphate Composites via Extrusion-Based 3D Printing: Design, Morphological, Mechanical, and Multimodal Imaging and Finite Element Modeling

“…Accordingly, 3D printing technology is employed in various medical applications, namely, medical imaging, dental restoration, pharmaceutical products, medical prostheses and implants, skin engineering, and stem cell based organ printing . Various 3D printing techniques, namely, material extrusion (MEX) or fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser melting (SLM), powder bed fusion, direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and direct light processing (DLP), are commonly employed in the medical field. , …”

“…6 Various 3D printing techniques, namely, material extrusion (MEX) or fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser melting (SLM), powder bed fusion, direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and direct light processing (DLP), are commonly employed in the medical field. 7,8 Among these techniques, the salient features of cost effectiveness, simple methodology, defect free product, and minimal postprocessing make the significance of MEX fascinating, especially in the 3D printing of thermoplastic materials. 9 The working principle of MEX involves the extrusion of a thermoplastic filament through a tiny nozzle by heating beyond its melting point followed by their feeding into a 3D printer to facilitate its layer by layer construction to yield a desired product.…”